Module Four (Chapter 4): Infancy | Socioemotional Development

During phase one of John Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, what is MOST likely to occur?

In which of the following situations will nine-month-old Lucy show the LEAST stranger anxiety?

Betty and Allen's child, Cara, is usually in a pleasant mood. She has a regular routine but can readily adapt to changes. According to Chess and Thomas, Cara would be classified as a(n):

Which of the following statements is NOT true of crying?

Mary Rothbart and John Bates stress that _____ is an important dimension of temperament because it shows infants' ability (or the lack of it) to keep their arousal from getting too intense and have strategies for soothing themselves.

Noah has noticed a difference in his two daughters in that one can calm herself and gain control over her emotions rather quickly, and the other has trouble regaining any control over intense emotions. He is noticing a difference in their:

Melissa noticed that her youngest daughter, almost two years old, has just started trying to imitate her big sister who is five years old and pretending to be a cheerleader. Her youngest daughter is showing:

Trevor has clearly bonded with his mother, and at a recent family gathering he seemed to recognize family members he often interacts with. According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, Trevor is in _____.

In the Strange Situation, Quentin cries mildly when his caregiver departs; however, he is happy upon reunion, and then continues to explore once the caregiver has returned. He would be classified as:

In the second year of life, infants tend to "check" with their mother before they act; they look at her to see if she is happy, angry, or fearful. This is an example of:

The longitudinal study conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in 1991 concluded that:

Evette's little brother has smeared pureed carrots on his face. Evette asked her mother, "Doesn't he know he looks stupid?" While Evette is capable of _____ emotions, her little brother has not yet developed this ability.

When people become parents through pregnancy, adoption, or stepparenting, they face _____ and must adapt.

Hannah knows that her infant son, William, has a difficult temperament. She is careful to take him to the grocery store in the off-hours when it's not crowded and there's less chance of a stranger trying to interact with him. In terms of temperament-sensitive parenting, Hannah is:

_____ can be defined as an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding emotionally.

Which of the following babies would appear disoriented in the Strange Situation conducted by Mary Ainsworth?

_____ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.

The United States currently allows up to _____ weeks of _____ leave for caring for a newborn.

Nakita is eight months old, and she has a tendency to cry when strangers come near her. She is displaying one of a baby's earliest emotions, _____.

Eight-month-old Michael is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Michael will MOST likely:

When toddlers hear their parents quarreling, they

According to Jerome Kagan, temperament:

Which of the following terms is used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants?

One study of two- and three-year-olds revealed that an increase in the number of child-care arrangements the children experienced is linked to a(n):

Higher maternal effortful control and positive emotionality has been linked to:

The research on fathers as caregivers indicates that fathers:

Infants show _____ when they are in familiar settings.

Twenty-four-month-old Tyler is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Tyler will MOST likely:

Temperament is directly related to all of the following EXCEPT:

Haleigh has learned that when she waves her hands and smiles to show happiness, others around her show happiness, too. This adaptive interaction demonstrates the role of emotions in:

Babies' first forms of emotional communication, particularly with parents, are:

Researchers are discovering that infants are more socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than scholars previously envisioned. In which aspect is this sophistication and insight reflected?

While working at a day-care center, Sherry notices two children working together to pull a box of toys to the middle of the room. From her lifespan class in college Sherry knows this doesn't happen until children are around:

Austin is in the Strange Situation and shows strong patterns of avoidance and resistance. He also displays extreme fearfulness around the caregiver. He would be classified as:

While it is true that most parents have rushed their two- or three-year-olds by doing something for them, according to Erikson, the real risk of developing _____ comes when children are constantly told and shown all the things they broke, messed up, or did wrong while trying to do things on their own.

Tempest is in the Strange Situation and appears dazed, confused, and fearful. She would most likely be classified as:

In their longitudinal investigation, Chess and Thomas found that _____ of the children they studied could be classified as easy.

Trystan has adjusted to the observation that his son, Tony, is a _____. Tony seldom sleeps or eats by any predictable routine, and he really dislikes any new situation.

In terms of infant social sophistication and insight, researchers have found that infants exhibit these characteristics:

The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth. It requires the infant to:

Cornell is only a few months old, but he is able to use emotions to show when he's interested in something and when he is afraid. His emotions are filling the necessary role of:

According to Erikson, establishing the lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place starts with physical comfort and _____.

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which of the following occurs during phase three?

A study done in 2013 found a link between high-quality infant-toddler care and

Natalie is in the Strange Situation, and she clings anxiously to her caregiver. She does not explore the playroom. She would most likely be classified as:

In North America, parents tend to prefer children with a(n) _____ temperament, whereas in China, a(n) _____ temperament is more highly valued.

Erik Erikson viewed the first year of life as characterized by the _____ stage of development.

According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective methods used by parents, the two most common methods parents use for managing and guiding 12-month-old infants' undesirable behaviors are diverting attention and:

According to John Bowlby, an infant's internal working model of attachment includes a simple mental model of the caregiver, their relationship, and:

A mother hands her baby a rattle, saying, "Here you are." She then gently takes the rattle away, smiling and saying, "Thank you." She does this repeatedly, letting the baby keep the rattle for several seconds each time and encouraging the baby to offer the rattle. Eventually, the baby takes the rattle, holds it for a few seconds, and then holds it out to her mother and smiles. This is an example of:

An infant's ability to crawl, walk, and eventually run is called:

In the Strange Situation, Jermaine used his mother as a "safe base" as he actively explored the playroom. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Jermaine as:

According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) _____ child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood.

Which of the following is the BEST description of scaffolding?

Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in:

_____ has been the most consistent predictor of a secure attachment.

When placed in his bed for the night, after a little crying and whimpering, a 20-month-old was overhead saying, "Go sleep, Randy. Okay." This is an example of:

Two-month-old Trey is crying loudly. It is a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding. This type of cry indicates that Trey is:

The fact that infants are captivated by the social world, are attuned to the sounds of human voices, and stare intently at the faces of their caregivers is reflective of their:

A criticism of _____ theory is that it ignores the diversity of socializing agents and contexts that exist in an infant's world.

A study of mother-infant dyads from age seven months to two years found that maternal sensitivity and autonomy predicted:

According to a recent meta-analysis, secure attachment in infancy was linked to:

In the Strange Situation, Latoya basically ignored her mother, was not upset when she left the room, and did not seek her out when she returned. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Latoya as:

The longitudinal investigation of couples from late pregnancy until three years after baby was born found that:

Jerome Kagan and other developmentalists stress that _____ play(s) more important roles in a child's social competence than the attachment theorists, such as Bowlby and Ainsworth, are willing to acknowledge.

Janice is playing with her son, Brad, by handing him a toy bear. That makes him smile and make sounds, which Janice imitates as she gently takes the toy back. They spend quite a bit of time enjoying the back-and-forth of this _____ activity.

Separation protest is characterized by:

Fathers engage in more _____ than mothers do.

Charlotte is watching her son, Devin, get teased by his older brother. She notices that Devin is amazingly patient and seems to be distracting himself by playing with his socks. Rothbart and Bates would say Devin is high in:

According to Freud, infants become attached to the person or object:

Shelby has adjusted to the observation that his daughter, Drew, is a _____. Drew is much quieter than most of the other children, watches more than she plays, and doesn't show happiness as much as the others.

Caregivers of _____ babies often neglect or physically abuse them.

According to many developmental psychologists, soothing a crying infant will:

According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective methods used by parents, which of the following methods did not increase when comparing the ways parents disciplined a one-year-old to that used on a two-year-old?

_____ can include connections between a wide range of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes, and also can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture.

In their longitudinal investigation, Chess and Thomas found that _____ of the children they studied could be classified as difficult.

Engaging in face-to-face play primarily promotes an infant's _____ development.

Shoko responds positively to being picked up by others, and when put back down freely moves away to play. She would most likely be classified as:

Baby Heather is absorbed in her playing when suddenly there is a loud crashing sound outside of the house. Heather immediately moves as fast as she can to her grandmother (who is her primary caregiver). According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, Heather is not in:

Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of _____ versus shame and doubt.

Which statement is FALSE regarding temperament?

Quimby, age 15 months, looks to her mother to see if she should be afraid of the stranger who has come to her home. Quimby relaxes when she sees her mother smiling and speaking to the stranger in a calm voice. Quimby is engaging in:

Which concept helps the infant to understand that other people have intentions?

The development of _____ helps infants interpret ambiguous situations more accurately, as when they encounter a stranger.

In terms of managing and guiding 12-month-old infants' behavior, a 2006 study of discipline and corrective methods used by parents showed which method is MOST common for infants of this age?

Caregivers of _____ babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting, unresponsive, and easily irritated.

Jerome Kagan's classification of temperament focuses on:

Which of the following statements regarding paternal caregiving is FALSE?

In the game peek-a-boo, the mother initially covers the baby. Then she removes the cover and registers "surprise" at the infant's reappearance. This is an example of:

Which of the following statements about child care and socioeconomic status is true?

The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves:

When one-month-old Mai is sleeping, it often looks like she is smiling. This is an example of a _____ smile.

Diego is in the Strange Situation with his caregiver; he explores the room and examines the toys that have been placed in it. He uses the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the room. He would be classified as:

In the Strange Situation, Cameron did not explore the playroom, clung to his mother when she was in the room, and was very upset when she left the room. When she returned, he appeared to be ambivalent—both wanting to be comforted by his mother and pushing her away when she attempted to do so. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Cameron as:

The view or model that emphasizes the ways development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment is the:

Lillian is in those "terrible twos" where she wants to do everything herself. She wants to put on her own clothes and shoes, decide just how her toys should be arranged, and even how to pour milk on her cereal. According to Erikson, Lillian is exploring:

What is the opinion of experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, on the infant's capacity to display emotions like guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy, and jealousy in the first year?

When an infant puts her thumb in her mouth to help soothe herself, the infant is exhibiting:

According to critics, the Strange Situation might not be able to capture important differences among infants because:

A recent study revealed that sensitive maternal responding was linked to:

Unfortunately Lincoln, now in those "terrible twos," spends most of his waking hours with a babysitter who scolds him continually. Every time he tries to feed himself or play, the babysitter takes things away, tells him he is making a mess, and calls him a bad boy. According to Erikson, if Lincoln remains in this situation for a long time he will develop:

Feelings that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being, are known as:

Anthony is just starting to crawl and has taken to following his mother around the house. He also lifts his arms up to her when he wants to be picked up. According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which phase is Anthony currently in?

Blanca works long hours, and when she is home she rarely holds her baby, Joey. She is often tired and tends to respond to his needs in an angry, irritable fashion. It is most likely that Joey will develop a(n) _____ with his mother.

A study of four different cultures—Antiguan, Guatemalan, African Bushman, and Israeli Kibbutz—found that separation protest peaked at about age:

Which of the following are "other-conscious" emotions?

Which of the following is TRUE of social smiling?

According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) _____ child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

The _____ mandated a paid 14-week maternity leave in 1992.

Which of the following statements about caregivers of resistant babies is likely to be true?

In the first six months infants show the emotions of:

Which of the following is a characteristic of reciprocal socialization?

According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) _____ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences.

Stephen is taking his infant son, Todd, to the clinic today. He knows this is stressful for Todd, so he:

As parents change their emotional expressions in response to their infants, the infants also modify their emotional expressions in response. These mutually regulated responses are described as:

A recent study examined the synchronous relationship between maternal responses and infants. Mothers were separated from their baby, given a task, and as part of the study were selected to receive a positive or negative evaluation. Those with the negative evaluation, experiencing negative emotions, had infants who:

Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. Researchers call this type of smiling:

An inhibited temperament has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

Which of the following characterizes phase one of Bowlby's model of attachment?