Intro to Sociology Exam #1

o Who : Karl Marx o View: Vineyard o Key terms and concepts Haves and have not Exploitation Struggle for scarce resources o Macro

o Who : Emile Durkheim o View: Village o Key terms and concepts Parts of society serve function Interdepdant parts Society is likeing living organisums o Macro

o Who: George Herbert Mead o View : meadow o Key terms and concepts Day to day interactions Signs symbols and patterns Social meaning arises through process of social interaction o Macro

o Macro level Conflict Functionalism o Micro level Symbolic Interactions

o Macro o Struggle for scarce resources o Divorce Application: When men control economic life, the divorce rate is low because women find a few alternatives to a bad marriage. Rising divorce rate is due to a shift in the balance of power.

o Macro o The parts of society are interdependent and related o Divorce application : as social change erodes the traditional functions of the family, family ties re weakened and the divorce rate increased o The bonds that kept the family together weakened and the family fell apart

o Micro o Face-Face interaction how people use symbols to create social life o Divorce Application: industrialization and urbanization change marital roles and lead to redefinition of love, marriage, children, and divorce. o Redefined these concepts

o The study of human behavior in society o The scientific way of thinking about society and its influences on human groups o Views human behavior in societal context which reveals the underlying basis for many social issues, problems , and current events

o Haves and have not/statuses o Diversity and ethnicity issues o Deviant behavior/ crime o Stereotypes/labels o Family patters/system

o Sociological inquiry emerges from sociological imagination o The ability to see societal patterns that influences individual and group life o C .Wright Mills - Distinction between "troubles"(privately felt problems ) and issues (that affect large numbers of people) o Comprehend the whole human society and its influence on the lives of human beings - A sociological imagination allows us to see the important relationship between personal issues which affect an individual ( alcoholic) and social issues which reflect a problem for the entire society ( alcholoism)

o The higher degree of social integration the lower expected suicide rate o Patterns of suicide are evident in : Religious affiliation • The more autonomous the more suicide • Catholicism less suicide Martial affiliation • Few suicides Gender affiliation • More females the fewer suicide • Female more loving • Seek help • Male fatal Wealth/class affiliation • Not connected not plugged in = more suicide War/peace affiliation • War , fewer suicides - society comes together

Term of sociology We can also study the social world using the same experiments and tools We study in society in the same manner as either sciences 13 of textbook - positivism • Observation • Comparison • Experimentation • Historical method Solutions to social problems In Europe From France - 1850 When he was born he was born with a large head Genius Starts a rebellion Does not relate to people or professors Wife was a prostitute • Abusive Always in and out of jobs Depressed/Anger Thrown into the insane asylum Eventually got out and released thanks to the wife Wife divorces him Found a other person and fell in love with her He was a stalker New religion Sealed envelope • Expose of his wife prostitution • Even in his grave Father of sociology

o Died 1903 o Contemporary rockstar o Animals who are sick, diseased ,or handicapped they are eaten by the other animals o "Survival of the fittest" The rich came to hear him speak Its unethical o Functionalist perspective - it doesn't work for the entire system o Proletariat would overthrow the bougrise

War , fewer suicides - society comes together

• 1 out of 3 American women will be sexually assaulted in her life time • The U.S has the highest rape rate of the countries that publish such statistics • 83% of rape cases are ages 24 and under o We blame the victim • False images of media • Competition

• Not connected not plugged in = more suicide

o Benefits its problems o Economical is positive o Jeopardize the future of children and children of children o United states a little less of the 5% of the world but we utilize 25% of the resources of the world o Produce 25% of the green house gas o Gain status o In reality it does not give us happiness o Spending more than 50% and 90% more than Europeans o 4.5 pounds of waste everyday

refers to the interconnecteness amoung people around the world Process where goods, information, people,money,communication,fashion, move across national boundaries

objectively assessing ideas statements and information

asking questions and questioning answers

forms of communication that transmit standardized messages to widespread audiences Newspapers,Magazines, Books, Radio, Television

- First Major , mid-nineteenth century invention of steam-powered printing presses -Second Major , 1920 Radio broadcasting 1939 Television

Personal over Social Issues Emotional over Intellectual Concret over abstract dynamic over fast paced

as the newer and more personalized information technologies Ex. PC's , on-demand,interactive television,CD-Roms,MP3s , Fax machines, Smart phones , Smartphones, Net, Etc - New Media -illustrate things that are not necessarily what they seem

is the primary medium for broadcasting

ultimate in narrowcasting

25% of consumptions but we 5% of the population

social norms have risen from cyber chating and dubbed cyber civilty and netiquette

France - Great Britain - Germany and then united states

The Use of obesrvatoin comparison, experimentaiton, and the historical method to anaylyze society

focuses on social structure or the relatively stable elements found in every society

which focuses on social change

introduced sociology to england contribution to society (Society in America) sociological treatises on American social life and compared the system of social stratification in Europe to that in America --also condensed Comte's book Positive Philosphy into

"Survival of the fittest" observed the negative aspects of the Inudstrial Revolution Contemporary rockstar Functionalist perspective - it doesn't work for the entire system Proletariat will over throw the bourgeoisie Emergence of the middle class

consisted of have and have nots Bourgeoise (haves)were not the fittest they took advantage of proletariat (have nots)

Social Order Social Solidarity , social bonds developed by individuals to their society Mechanical Solidarity - type found in rural areas based on traditions and unitity , existed prior to the industrial,based on rural societies,social intergration Organic Solidarity - found in urban societies and was based on complex division of labor , loose bonds, we don't know our neighbors --contribution study of suicide

Verstehen- empathetic and introspective analyis of the interaction avoid personal biasis and put themselves in the place of thoese they study to understand better how they experience the world and societys impact on them He blends the macro and micro bridges the gap Micro- Verstehen, Understand , very important to understand individuals in groups Macro - Ideal type, typology,

Max Weber a conceptual model or typology contructed from the direct obersvatoin of a number of specfic cases and represnting the essential qualites found in those cases

First systematic american sociologist differentiated between - Pure sociology , the study of society in an effort to understand and explain the natural law that govern its evolution - Applied sociology, which uses sociologicla principles, social ideas, and ethical considerations to improve society

Hull House aid poor and homeless Founders of American social work devotion to applied sociology and social activism

Applied sociological theors to problems of population health and womens rights personal hygiene, veneral disease, and birth control

Harvard Docturate degree in sociology Methodoligical technique of Verstehen to sociological studies of blacks NAACP

a viewpoint or particular way of looking at things

set of assumptions and ideas that guide reseach questions , methods of analysis and interpretation and the development of theory

view social meaning as arising through the process of social interaction

focuses on the day to day inteactions of individuals and groups in specific social situations major concepts -meaningful symbos -definition of the situation - looking-glass self

sounds,objects,colors, and events that represent something other than themselves and are criticla for underting socila interaction LANGUAGE - most important and powerful meaning symbols

if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences people define social reality through a process of give and take interaction

individuals self concept is largely a reflection of how he or she is percieved by other members of society

uses the analogy of the theater to anaylze social behavior --impression management , to communicate favorable impressions of themselves

contends that people attach varios labels to certain behaviors individuals and groups that becone part of their social idneity and shape other attitudesabout and repsones to them

shifted the focus of sociology from the study of day to day social interaction to macrolevel analyis views society as a system of interdepdent parts andinterrelated parts

Examines broader social structures and society as a whole

family,religion,education,politcs,and the economy

anticipated or intended consequences of social insitiutions

unintended or unrecgonized conseques of social institutions

from a functionalist perspective they threaten to disrupt social stablilty and order

views society as composed of diverse groups with confliciting values and interests Roots- Karl Marx Based on economics, and are based on social class, and the struggle between the different vlaues and itnerst of the bourgeoise and the proletariat

Studies analyzes and explains social phenomena from a gender focused perspective

conflict nessitaes neotiation and comrpose hence it can produce order and reaffirmation of the social structure

conflict perspective to promote distibution of power and authority in the U.S post WWII the U.S was dominated by powerful military , industrial, and politcal elite that shaped foreign and domestic polict for the benefit of the wealthy and powerful class

the media perform a host of social function , first and foremost the dissmination of information and ideas and the provison of instant communication Ex. times of crisis, war, natural disasters Dysfunctional consequences , stererotypes, discourage physical activity, misinform people

mass media , tools of power that help maintain the status quo , cultivate consumers, disseminate information

quickest and most effective of defining methods of defining the status quo

Inderdependence of the global and the local resulting in standardized values producing unique outcomes in different geographic areas and cultural settings

imperialistic ambitions of nations , corporations and organizations and their desire to impose themselves on various societies and cultures

people who live in a specific geographic territory interact with one another and share many elements of a common culture Share common elements of culture

a process in which societies grow more complex in terms of technology social structure and cultural knowledge over time

a society in which people make thier living by hunting , collecting wild foods , and fishing with simple techonologies

a society that depends on domestic animals for its livelihood

a society in which hand tools are used to grow domesticated crops

a society that depends on crops raised with plows , draft aniamls and intensive agricultural methods

a society that relies on machines and advanced technology to produce and distribute food, information, goods , and services

is one in which service industries and the manufacture of information and knowledge dominate the ecenomy

High-Tech computers, robotics , genetic engineering , laser technology,and other high cost industries are basic to life in post industrial societies The educational insitiution is no less important in postindustrial society , education becomes a life long process as ideas rapidly become obsolete and new form of knowledge must be learned Media becomes the central institution affecting all other institutions

is the learned set of beliefs values norms and material good shared by group members learned set of values and beliefs and material cultures shared by members of coeity

artifacts, art, architecture, and other tangible goods that people create and assign meanings

mental blueprints that serve as guidelines for group behavior collective assumptions , languages, beliefs, values,norms , and attitudes of groups

thrift, hard work , individuality, and saves

the environment or nature selects those traits that are advantageous and reject those that are not

anything to which group members assign meaning

complex system of symbols with conventional meanings that people use for communication without language there would be no culture , it enables groups to store meanings, communicate with one another, and transmit knowledge between generations.

are assersations about the nature of reality

shared ideas which is socially desirable

Individualism and freedom - self reliance, individualism and the freedom to achieve whatever goalsl we may set Equality Achievement Efficiency and Practicality Progress and technology material comfort and consumerism work and leisure

are expectations and rules for proper conduct that guide the behavior of group members

informal rules and expectations that guide peoples everyday behavior

Salient norms that people consider essential to the proper working of society

formal rules enacted and enforced by the power of the state which apply to members of society

Prohibitions against behaviors

Penalties or rewards society uses to encourage conformity and punish deviance

feelings of confusion and disorientation that occur when a person encounters a very different culture

tendency to evaluate the customs of others groups according to one own cultural standards

perspective that ask that we evaluate other cultures according to their standards and not ours

groups that share many elements of mainstream culture but maintain their own distinctive cutoms values and norms

movment that encourages respect and appreciation for cultural differences

beliefs that europe provided most of human knowledge

preemiences of african and african american culture in human development

Modern values are associated with industrial societies and postmodern values are associated with prosperous high-tech societies that have a high degree of security

high culture includes taste and creations supported and used by the upper classes and intelligentsia to make fine distinction within their ranks and to distinguish themselves from thos ebeneath them in the social herirachy

folk culture is in most ways the opposite of high culuture , it includes the art, dance, music, and other creations of working-class and minority group member

popular culture comprises taste and creations that appeal to the masses

Ideal culture what people should do according to group norms and values

what people do in ever day interaction

inconsistencies in a cultural system especially in the relationship between technology and non material culture

examines the relationship between a culture and its total environment

cultural ecological approach

the values,beliefs,and traditions of a nation of society are not necessarily a product of consensus and "social need" as some functionalists claim

domination of cultural industries by elite groups

focuses on how individuals and groups use symbols to define and interpret reality that people everywhere live in symbolic that are created about reproduced by diverse social groups

Influenced the values of Americans Poor Protestant work ethic Out of luck Indication you weren't elected to go to heaven A humble life • Standard of knowing whether your going to heaven or hell reformation Martin luther

• Rationalization Move illogical • Church main source of answers to life • Industrial revolution comes along and things move to a scientific way of life • Based on efficiency and praticallity