Chapter 10

Marriage is A) A cherished but dying tradition B) Popular but appears to be under assault from changes in society C) Being largely replaced by cohabitation D) Has no meaning in today's society

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding attitudes toward single people? A) There is no stigma to being single in modern times B) Remaining single has been a rising trend for many years C) The median age for marriage has been increasing so more people are single later into life D) Negative stereotypes are gradually less accepted

_____ is living together in a sexually intimate relationship without the legal bonds of marriage A) Endogamy B) Cohabitation C) Pseudomarriage D) Common law marriage

Which of the following statements is true about cohabitation? A) Cohabitation is widely accepted B) Cohabiting relationships increasingly include children C) Fewer people cohabit than in recent decades D) Negative attitudes toward cohabiting couples have disappeared

Which of the following is NOT a social trend challenging traditional models of marriage? A) Reduced voluntary childlessness B) Reduced premium on permanence C) Decline of the traditional nuclear family D) Increased acceptance of singlehood

Changing traditional gender roles A) Are often regarded as a step in the right direction B) Are related to more married women entering the workforce C) Create new potential conflict between marital partners D) Affect all of these

Brandon and Victoria were recently married. They each had role expectations for husbands and wives, A) That include Victoria having dinner ready each evening B) That consist of Brandon earning most of the money C) But their roles are more varied, flexible, and ambiguous than those of their grandparents D) And their marriage will last longer if they stick to those roles

Which of the following is likely to be a reason for couples to choose not to have children? A) New career opportunities for women B) Desires for dependence on each other C) People marrying younger D) Concerns about the likelihood of divorce

The traditional nuclear family A) Is accurately depicted in contemporary television shows B) Is still true of the majority of families C) Is based on the same norms that mold current marital relationships D) Was never a very accurate image

Which of the following is NOT true of the model of family life in which the father works, a mother stays at home to raise children, and a marriage that is their first and only marriage? A) It is called the traditional nuclear family B) It is typical of only a small number of American families C) It is a changing model to include diverse family structures with stepfamilies, unwed parents, and childless marriages D) It has been replaced by a model of multiple relationships rather than ideas of monogamy

Gabrielle has been working her way up the corporate ladder and has had little time for planning on having a family. This is an example of a social trend in _____ that is affecting traditional marital models A) Reduced premium on permanence B) Increased acceptance of cohabitation C) Increased voluntary childlessness D) Increased acceptance of singlehood

Dylan comes home on Wednesdays planning to cook dinner for Zoe. This is an example of a social trend in _____ that is affecting traditional marital models A) Transitions in gender roles B) Increased acceptance of cohabitation C) Increased voluntary childlessness D) Decline of the traditional nuclear family

Liz and Richard got married with the idea that if their marriage made their careers too difficult they could get divorced. This is an example of a social trend in _____ that is affecting traditional marital models A) Transitions in gender roles B) Increased acceptance of cohabitation C) Increased voluntary childlessness D) Reduced premium on permanence

Since 1950, the median age at which people in the United States marry for the first time has _____ A) Declined slightly B) Risen by about 5 to 6 years for both males and females C) Has increased for females, but remained the same for males D) Has decreased for females, but increased for males

About _____ percent of Americans will marry at least once A) 90 B) 75 C) 60 D) 55

Up to _____ percent of cultures practice arranged marriage A) 90 B) 80 C) 70 D) 50

Antonia married to Brandon, whose parents arranged their union. Antonia is part of a culture that makes up about _____ of the world's cultures A) 18% B) 30% C) 80% D) 98%

The practice of having only one spouse at a time is A) Polygamy B) Endogamy C) Common in the Mormon religion D) Monogamy

The tendency to marry someone of the same race, religion, ethnic background, and social class is A) Endogamy B) Homogamy C) Unusual in American society D) Monogamy

Polygamy is A) Practiced worldwide B) Most common in societies where women have little access to education C) Most common in societies where women have little political power D) All of these

Dimitri and Beatrice have similar education levels, age, and attitudes and values. Their marriage fits the definition of A) Endogamy B) Homogamy C) Traditional D) Monogamy

The main problem with research on marital success is that A) Commitment and marital success are identical B) Marital quality is hard to measure C) People don't understand that lack of conflict and marital success are the same thing D) All of these

Which of the following is NOT true regarding marital success? A) Most correlations with factors are relatively small B) There are foolproof predictors of marital success C) Personality traits are not strong predictors of marital success D) All of these are true

Which of the following is true of family background as a predictor of marital success? A) People whose parents were divorced are more likely to get divorced as well B) People with divorced parents are better at resolving conflicts in their own marriages C) People who come from happily married homes will also have happy marriages D) All of these are true

Which of the following is true of age as a predictor of marital success? A) Marrying later in life is based on loneliness and will probably be loveless B) Marrying younger in life brings more years of marriage success C) Couples who marry older will have lower divorce rates D) Age is only important for the male

Which of the following is associated with a higher probability of marital success? A) Longer courtship B) Having divorced parents C) Perfectionism D) Insecurity

As a child, Miko was generally insecure and a perfectionist. This indicates that his marital success is A) Less likely B) Unpredictable based on this data C) More likely D) Affected by his age

Michaela and Benjamin tend to be sarcastic to each other during their courtship. Bonita's mother pointed out that research A) Shows that communication tends to improve after marriage B) Shows that communication style is not that important to marital success C) Indicates that unsupportive communications during courtship increase marital success because the individuals have higher self-esteem D) Supports the link of self-disclosure and acceptance to marital success

Which of these predictors of marital success develop during marriage rather than prior to marriage? A) Family background B) Stressful events C) Premarital communication D) Personality

Becoming unemployed or a chronic illness can A) Bring stress to a marriage B) Harm marital stability C) Increase distress can cause conflict in a marriage D) Do all of these

Emily has a lot of stress at work. Research indicates that A) Stress from work can affect her mood at home and cause marital distress B) She can easily overcome the effect on her marriage by getting proper exercise and diet C) As long as she focuses on her home and marital roles, she will be fine D) Marriage weathers stress outside the home as long as it is based on love

Which couple is most likely to have marital success? A) Jennifer and Malu who come from happily married parental homes, are turning 21 this year, and enjoy teasing each other with sarcastic comments B) Rebecca and Simon who are caring for an aging parent, have secure and flexible personalities, and are 28 and 30 years old C) Casey and Jordan who come from happily married parental homes, are in their late 20s, and make it a point to be supportive and sharing in their communication D) Hayley and Dylan who have been going together for three years, are supportive of each other, and are perfectionists

Marital conflict is associated with A) Increased depression and alcoholism B) Increased physical health problems C) Increased domestic violence D) All of these

Which of the following is true of marital adjustment? A) Successful marriages don't have serious problems B) All couples encounter problems C) Successful marriages don't have problems arriving at acceptable role compromises D) Successful marriages don't have problems paying bills

Which of the following is NOT true of marital adjustment? A) Couples in higher socioeconomic groups encounter fewer problems B) Successful marriages depend on the couple's ability to handle problems C) Marital conflict is associated with domestic violence and divorce D) Marital conflict is associated with physical health problems and increased depression

Which of the following is NOT a vulnerable area in marital adjustment? A) Gaps in role expectations B) Work and career issues C) Inadequate communication D) Dual careers

Modern couples A) Have clear roles and expectations B) Need to negotiate their role responsibilities before marriage C) Need to negotiate and renegotiate role responsibilities throughout a marriage D) Usually have the same expectations of their roles once married

Which of the following is true of shifting marital roles? A) Wives ambitions take priority over husband's careers B) Many husbands have taken on roles of housework and childcare C) Wives are still doing the bulk of household chores, even when they work outside the home D) Mothers are less bound to their children's schedules than fathers are

Data from 2000 indicates that A) Wives do far more laundry and meal preparation than husbands B) Wives do most of the repairs around the house C) Husbands do more dishes than wives D) Husbands do an equal amount of cleaning as wives

Couples who have dual careers A) Are more likely to have lower self-esteem B) Are less likely to have egalitarian attitudes C) Have less social support D) Need not be negatively affected

Compared to Jennifer and Ben, who have one career partner and one mainly at home, Brad and Angelina who both work are likely to A) Have financial problems B) Have less social support C) Find they have more in common with each other D) Have more time to devote to their marriage

Which of the following is NOT true of mother's working outside the home? A) It is not related to the quality of infant-mother emotional attachment B) Negative outcomes show up later in life C) It is related to children's decreased hyperactivity D) It is linked to increased pro-social activity in young children

Which of the following do children who are raised in poverty exhibit? A) Lower academic performance B) Poorer physical health C) Poorer mental health D) All of these

Which of the following is NOT associated with serious financial worries? A) Increased depression in husbands B) Increased hostility in husbands C) Lower marital happiness for both husbands and wives D) Increased risk of separation and divorce as incomes decline

The best way to avoid troublesome battles over money is probably to A) Make a lot of money B) Separate responsibilities for bills C) Communicate about planning and expenditures D) Build up a savings

The most frequently cited problem for husbands and wives in the process of divorce is A) Financial strain B) Confused roles C) Communication D) Career issues

Across cultures, A) Marital communication plays different roles in marital satisfaction B) Marital adjustment depends on whether there is conflict C) Couples should avoid discussing conflicts for great marital satisfaction D) Marital communication is linked with marital satisfaction

Gottman's research on interaction style A) Was based on extensive sampling and surveys B) Forced couples into argumentative communications that hastened their divorces C) Was unable to accurately predict divorce over time D) Predicted 94% of the couples who would divorce or not within three years

Which of the following are the four communication patterns Gottman calls the "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse." A) Contempt, criticism, belligerence, and blaming B) Defensiveness, stonewalling, contempt, and criticism C) Stonewalling, defensiveness, belligerence, and contempt D) Ineffective, derisiveness, contempt, and criticism

In Gottman's communication patterns, _____ involves communicating insulting feelings that one's spouse is inferior A) Contempt B) Defensiveness C) Criticism D) Stonewalling

In Gottman's communication patterns, _____ involves constantly expressing negative evaluations of one's partner A) Contempt B) Defensiveness C) Criticism D) Stonewalling

In Gottman's communication patterns, _____ refers to responding to negativity by invalidating, refuting or denying the partner's statements A) Contempt B) Defensiveness C) Criticism D) Stonewalling

In Gottman's communication patterns, _____ is refusing to listen to one's partner, especially the partner's complaints A) Contempt B) Defensiveness C) Criticism D) Stonewalling

In Gottman's communication patterns, _____ involves provocative, combative challenges to one's partner's power and authority A) Belligerence B) Defensiveness C) Criticism D) Stonewalling

Divorce rates _____ from 1950 to 1980 and _____ from 1980 to the present A) Increased to about 60%; increased to about 70-75% B) Increased to about 50%; increased to about 60% C) Increased to about 70%; decreased to about 60% D) Increased to about 50%; decreased to about 40-45%

Which of the following is NOT true of divorce rates? A) Divorce rates are higher among blacks than whites or Hispanics B) Divorce rates are declining C) Most divorces occur after 12 to 15 years of marriage D) Many religious denominations are becoming more tolerant of divorce

Fred and Wilma are in an unhappy marriage. Compared to divorced couples, research indicates they are likely to have A) Greater life satisfaction B) Lower levels of happiness C) Better physical health D) Better psychological health

Compared to married couples, people who are divorced A) Suffer a higher incidence of physical illness B) Suffer a higher incidence of psychological problems C) Have lower levels of happiness D) Experience all of these

Research indicates that A) Divorce is more disruptive for men than women B) Within the first year of divorce, half of fathers basically lose contact with their children C) Divorced women are more likely than their ex-husbands to have a satisfying job D) All of these

Which of the following statements regarding adjustment to divorce is NOT true? A) For many, both men and women experience a noticeable decline in their standard of living B) Women are more likely to assume the responsibility of raising the children C) Forgiveness of the ex-spouse is associated with increased well being and lowered depression D) There are consistent gender differences in post-divorce adjustment

________ percent of children show emotional or psychological problems 2-3 years after their parents divorce compared to _____ percent in a control group A) Twenty-five; ten B) Fifty; twenty-five C) Seventy-five; fifteen D) Ninety; ten

Both Keera and Vin worked full-time, although Keera's job was not a career. Keera has maintained primary custody of their two children. Since their divorce, which of these is most likely? A) Both will have a 28% decrease in standard of living B) Keera will have a 36% decrease in standard of living and Vin's standard of living will increase 28% C) Keera will experience a 50% decrease in standard of living and Vin will experience a 12% decrease D) Keera's standard of living will increase slightly if Vin maintains his child support payments

Which of the following is a criticism of Wallerstein's 1970s longitudinal study of children of divorce? A) It was based on a small sample that was not representative of the population at large B) The comparison group was not matched in age C) The study only included boys D) There were no flaws in Wallerstein's research design

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Wallerstein's 1970s longitudinal study of children of divorce? A) Conclusions were based on impressions from interview B) The sample was not representative C) It took too long D) There was no comparison group

About ______ of divorced people eventually remarry A) One-fourth B) One-half C) One-third D) Three-fourths

Second marriages are A) More likely to end in divorce than first marriages B) Last on average about the same length as first marriages C) Especially less successful for women who bring children into the marriage D) All of these

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the adjustment of stepchildren? A) They experience the stepfamily as less cohesive and warm than their original family B) Their psychological adjustment is similar to that of children from single parent homes C) Children in stepfamilies tend to have lower psychological well-being than those from single-parent families D) Stepchildren perform the same academically as those in intact families

Kirk is a gay male and Brenda is a lesbian. Kirk's likelihood of being in a stable, long-term relationship is about ____ compared to Brenda's likelihood of _____ A) 20%; 35% B) 40-60%; 45-80% C) 70%; 60-80% D) 60-80%; 35-40%

Another term for sexual prejudice is A) Heterophobia B) Bigotry C) Claustrophobia D) Homophobia

Gay men and lesbians are victims of prejudice as evidence by A) Historical attitudes rather than current acts of discrimination B) The very rare problems of being able to obtain employer-provided health insurance for partners C) Gay Pride marches D) Employment and housing discrimination

In states where same-gender marriages are legal, research has found A) No adverse effects on traditional family values B) Adverse effects on abortion rates C) Adverse effects on divorce rates D) Adverse effects on single parenthood

Research on homosexual couples suggests that A) There are significant differences between gay and heterosexual relationships B) Gay relationships are more prone to breakups than heterosexual marriages C) Gays of both genders face more barriers to dissolution D) Gays report more sexual satisfaction than heterosexuals in their relationships

According to the 2000 U.S. Census, _____% of female same-gender couples and _____% of male same-gender couples are rearing children A) 10;5 B) 33;22 C) 44;33 D) 50;15

Children of homosexual couples A) Are raised with similar parenting styles to those with heterosexual parents B) Are similar to children of heterosexual parents in terms of personal development C) Are no more likely to become homosexual than children of heterosexual parents D) Are all of these

Pat believes good parenting is based on the quality of child-parent interactions. From this statement, research indicates Pat is likely to be A) Gay B) Lesbian C) Heterosexual D) Any of these

Cohabitation refers to A) Living together in a sexually intimate relationship outside of marriage B) Heterosexuals living together without marriage C) Multiple roommates D) Living together in a sexual relationship without being married or having children

Which of the following is NOT true of cohabitation? A) It is still illegal in a few states B) Cohabitation is a threat to the institution of marriage C) It is estimated that 70% of couples live together before marriage D) Many cohabiting couples have children

Since 1960, cohabitation has A) Increased rapidly with no signs of leveling off B) Gradually grown C) Doubled in the United States D) Become more prevalent than marriage

Which of the following is true regarding cohabitation? A) Couples who cohabit report more satisfaction in their relationships than married couples B) Cohabiting relationships last longer than marital relationships C) Seventy-five percent of female cohabitants expect to marry their partner D) Having children while cohabiting tends to decrease couples' chances of staying together

Which of the following is NOT true regarding cohabiting relationships that subsequently marry? A) As cohabitation has become more accepted the cohabitation effect has not decreased B) The cohabitation effect holds true even for second marriages C) Premarital cohabitation decreases marital discord and divorce rates D) Cohabitation may change people's attitudes, values, or habits negatively

Remaining single is A) No longer stigmatized B) For people who do not hope to eventually marry C) A sign that people are turning away from the institution of marriage D) Increasinglya choice of young adults

Singles A) Continue to be stereotyped B) Are usually promiscuous C) Are usually socially inept or maladjusted D) Are generally mentally healthier than married people

Negative stereotypes of singles is called A) Homogamy B) Heterosexism C) Harassment D) Singlism

Which of the following is NOT true of studies about singles? A) Many studies group people who are divorced or widowed with singles B) Differences in happiness between married and singles has decreased C) Physical health benefits of being married are greater for men than for women D) Single women are more satisfied than comparable single men

Baumbusch's survey of life-long single women between the ages of 65 and 77 found A) The only contented women were also lesbians B) They were satisfied with their decision C) Many of them had cohabited for significant lengths of time D) The majority were very lonely and sorry they had not had families

_____ is aggression toward those who are in close relationship to the aggressor A) Battering B) Intimate partner violence C) Date rape D) Relationship abuse

Battering refers to A) Physical abuse B) Emotional abuse C) Sexual abuse D) All of these

Estimates of physical abuse A) Are difficult to obtain because the topic is taboo to many B) Suggest that about 25% of women have been physically assaulted by an intimate partner C) Suggest that about 7% of men have been physically assaulted by an intimate partner at some point in their lives D) Encompass all of these statements

Which of the following is NOT true of intimate partner abuse? A) A woman is the victim in 85% of nonfatal violent crimes B) A woman is the victim of 75% of murders by spouses C) Both men and women are victims D) It is rarely seen outside of marital relationships

The effects of battering include A) Anxiety B) Depression C) Stress-induced physical illness D) All of these

Children who witness marital violence experience A) Reduced self-esteem B) Depression C) Increased delinquency D) All of these

Which of the following is NOT true of men who batter women? A) Males beaten as children are more likely to be abusers as adults B) Males who witnessed their mothers being beaten are less likely to abuse their wives as adults than other men C) Use of drugs or alcohol increases the risk of domestic violence D) Batterers tend to have unrealistic expectations of their partners

Batterers tend to A) Be more violent toward women who have traditional views of gender roles B) Be less traditional in their views of gender roles C) Deal with disagreements by withdrawing D) Have their feelings hurt easily

Women in abusive relationships A) Usually stay in the relationship B) Are usually supported by their family and friends to leave the relationship C) Stay because of unrealistic fears that they may be beaten or murdered if they try to leave D) Stay because they lack financial independence and fear they won't be able to survive

It is difficult to estimate how often date rape occurs because A) Most incidents go unreported B) The behavior is very rare C) Since most rapes are committed by strangers, date rape is rarely noticed D)It is so prevalent that it cannot be counted

_____ contributes to about half of sexually aggressive incidents A) Alcohol B) Mental illness C) Rohypnol D) Stress

Which of the following behaviors contribute to date rape A) The male drinking B) The female drinking C) Social norms that support game playing and can cloud the issue of consensual sex D) All of these contribute

Jenna sometimes says "no" to sex when she means "maybe" or "yes." Jenna's behavior is A) Similar to about 38% of college women B) Very unusual in American society C) A problem of understanding with most men D) All of these

Janet wants to reduce her chance of date rape. Which of the following will NOT help reduce the likelihood of date rape? A) Avoid excessive alcohol B) Stay in public places when getting to know someone new C) Avoid talking about sexual expectations D) Be prepared to act aggressively if assertive refusals don't work

Margaret should cultivate which of the following habits to help reduce the likelihood of date rape? A) Carry enough money for transportation back home B) Remember that date rape is an act of sexual aggression, not romance C) Communicate feelings and expectations about sex D) She should do all of these