Which of the following factors describe the metamorphic conditions at a mid-ocean ridge?
answer
low temperature
hot, watery fluids
low pressure
question
Which of the following factors describe the metamorphic conditions in a subduction zone?
answer
low temperature
high pressure
question
Which of the following is a metamorphic rock?
answer
gneiss
question
Which of the following is a temperature associated with metamorphism?
answer
400 degrees Celsius
question
How are metamorphic rocks formed?
answer
Preexisting rock is altered through heat and pressure.
question
Do metamorphic rocks look like the preexisting rock from which they form?
answer
sometimes, but not always
question
What is foliation?
answer
banding in metamorphic rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals
question
How will foliation in continental metamorphic rocks formed during subduction be oriented?
answer
perpendicular to the direction of plate movement
question
What would you call a granite that has undergone metamorphism and now exhibits foliation?
answer
gneiss
question
Which of the following best describes the difference between differential stress and confining pressure?
answer
In differential stress, the stresses on the sides are greater than the force of gravity. Stresses are the same on all sides for confining pressure.
question
Which of the following describes the orientation of the long axes of rocks and mineral grains in relationship to the stress applied?
answer
Mineral grains are oriented parallel to the direction of the weakest stress applied.
The long axis of a rock is parallel to the direction of the weakest stress applied.
question
Which of the following factors describes the conditions at a zone where contact metamorphism is occurring?
answer
low pressure
high temperature
question
What is a metamorphic aureole?
answer
a ring of metamorphic rocks adjacent to an igneous intrusion
question
How is quartz sandstone metamorphosed into quartzite during contact metamorphism?
answer
Sand grains are fused together because of high temperatures
question
Which of the following best describes confining pressure and the location in which it occurs?
answer
moderate pressures at shallow depths
question
Which of the following metamorphic rocks could have a parent rock (protolith) of shale?
answer
gneiss
phyllite
slate
schist
question
Which of the following is associated with the metamorphic rock phyllite?
answer
intermediate-grade metamorphism
question
Which of the following factors describe the conditions at a zone where low-grade regional metamorphism is occurring?
answer
low pressure
low temperature
question
Which of the following describes the orientation of the long axes of rocks and mineral grains in relationship to the stress applied?
answer
Mineral grains are oriented parallel to the direction of the weakest stress applied.
The long axis of a rock is parallel to the direction of the weakest stress applied.
question
From the following choices, identify the grade of metamorphism and one characteristic mineral associated with each of the metamorphic rocks.
Which of the following rocks represents the highest grade of metamorphism?
answer
Gneiss
question
How can a rock change during metamorphism?
answer
Metamorphism can change the mineralogy, texture, and/or chemical composition of a rock.
question
What is metamorphic grade?
answer
the degree to which a parent rock changes during metamorphism
question
What is the most important agent of metamorphism, and why?
answer
Heat is the most important agent of metamorphism because it provides the energy necessary for chemical reactions to occur within the rock.
question
How is confining pressure different from differential stress?
answer
When a rock is under confining pressure, all of the forces are applied to the rock equally in all directions. However, pressure applied to a rock by differential stress is greater in a single direction than in all of the other directions.
question
Match the metamorphic rock to the metamorphic grade.
Roughly parallel layers of mineral crystals aligned perpendicular to the direction of pressure
question
How can slate and phyllite be differentiated?
answer
Unlike slate, which has a flat surface, phyllite has a glossy sheen and a wavy surface
question
How are marble and quartzite alike, and how are they different?
answer
Marble and quartzite are alike in that they are both nonfoliated, but they differ in that marble is composed of calcite whereas quartzite is composed of quartz.
question
Which tectonic boundary is associated with regional metamorphism?
answer
Convergent
question
In the list shown below, label each item for the location where it primarily occurs: 1) on Earth's surface, 2) Earth's shallow subsurface, or 3) Earth's deep subsurface (many miles/km below the surface).
answer
Earth's surface
- lava cooling and undergoing crystallization to form extrusive igneous rocks
- weathering, transport, deposition
Earth's shallow subsurface
- sediment undergoing lithification
Earth's deep subsurface
- (rock) melting
- high temperature, high pressure (high-grade) metamorphism
question
Which of the following rock types is most abundant on Earth's land surface?
answer
Sedimentary rocks
question
What is the difference between magma and lava?
answer
Magma is molten rock located below the surface; lava is molten rock erupted above ground.
question
What are the two most important driving forces of metamorphism?
answer
High heat and pressure
question
_____ igneous rocks are those that cool below the surface.
answer
Intrusive
question
What are the two important processes involved in lithification of sedimentary rocks?
answer
Cementation and compaction
question
An igneous rock becomes buried, is subject to high heat and pressure, and recrystallizes. This rock then is eroded, transported, deposited and subsequently lithified. Which rock types—in order—did the original igneous rock develop into?
answer
Metamorphic and sedimentary
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