Final Exam Physiology

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys? regulation of plasma temperature regulation of plasma osmolarity regulation of plasma ionic concentration regulation of plasma hydrogen concentration regulation of plasma volume

The primary function of the kidneys involves regulating the ________ and the ________ of plasma and interstitial fluid. temperature : composition temperature : composition volume : temperature volume : composition composition : osmolarity

Once produced, urine travels through the ________ until it reaches the bladder, from which it is released into the external environment through the ________. renal hilus : ureter collecting duct : urethra ureter : urethra collecting duct : ureter urethra : ureter

What hormone is secreted by the kidneys to increase red blood cell synthesis? vitamin D renin erythropoietin ANP angiotensin

What is the functional unit of the kidney? proximal tubule nephron glomerulus loop of Henle collecting ducts

What two structures make up the renal corpuscle? proximal straight and proximal convoluted tubules nephron and collecting duct major and minor calyces Bowman's capsule and glomerulus afferent and efferent arterioles

Blood leaves the ________ and enters the glomerulus. vasa recta afferent arteriole peritubular capillary Bowman's capsule efferent arteriole

Where does blood leaving the glomerulus go next? afferent arteriole efferent arteriole vasa recta Bowman's capsule peritubular capillary

After fluid passes through the entire proximal tubule, the fluid will enter the Bowman's capsule. distal tubule. connecting tubule. collecting duct. loop of Henle.

During what renal process are molecules selectively removed from the tubule lumen, moved into the interstitial space, and removed from the kidneys by the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta? absorption secretion filtration excretion reabsorption

What structure filters the blood to regulate its composition? liver ureter kidneys bladder urethra

What structure stores urine prior to micturition? urethra ureter liver kidneys bladder

What structure transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder? urethra bladder kidneys liver ureter

What structure transports urine from the bladder to outside of the body? kidneys ureter bladder liver urethra

Which of the following describes movement from glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule? secretion filtration micturation excretion reabsorption

Which of the following describes movement from renal tubules into the peritubular capillaries? secretion excretion micturation filtration reabsorption

Which of the following conditions might lead to glucose levels exceeding the transport maximum in the proximal tubules? diabetes mellitus dehydration kidney stones diabetes insipidus

What is the process whereby protein-free plasma moves by bulk flow from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsules? secretion glomerular filtration excretion absorption reabsorption

Which of the following forms the filtration barrier? capillary endothelial cells only podocytes only basement membrane only both capillary endothelial cells and basement membrane capillary endothelial cells, basement membrane, and podocytes

In which portion of the nephron are glucose and amino acids reabsorbed? descending limb of the loop of Henle ascending limb of the loop of Henle distal tubule proximal tubule

A person must void what volume of urine per day? 0 mL 15 mL 120 mL 440 mL 1200 mL

From where is ADH released? posterior pituitary pancreas anterior pituitary collecting duct distal tubule

Antidiuretic hormone binds to receptors on ________ cells in the collecting ducts and distal tubules where it ________. intercalated : causes vesicles with aquaporin-3 to insert into the apical membrane granular : causes vesicles with aquaporin-2 to insert into the apical membrane intercalated : causes vesicles with aquaporin-2 to insert into the basolateral membrane principal : causes insertion of aquaporin-2 into the apical membrane principal : causes vesicle with aquaporin-3 to insert into the apical membrane

The activity of the respiratory system can increase pH by a hyperventilation-induced decrease in PCO2. a hypoventilation-induced decrease in PCO2. a hypoventilation-induced increase in PCO2. a hyperventilation-induced increase in PCO2. increasing the amount of carbonic acid in the blood.

A person walks into the emergency room with rapid and shallow breathing and a feeling of light-headedness. A blood test shows high levels of bicarbonate ions and a pH of 7.34. What could explain these symptoms? metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation respiratory acidosis with renal compensation respiratory alkylosis with renal compensation acidosis with no compensation metabolic alkylosis with respiratory compensation

Which statement BEST distinguishes metabolic acidosis from respiratory acidosis? Metabolic acidosis occurs due to changes in bicarbonate as opposed to PCO2. Metabolic acidosis is a disturbance in blood pH caused by exercise as opposed to hyper- or hypoventilation. Metabolic acidosis is a disturbance in blood pH caused by something other than an abnormal PCO2. Metabolic acidosis occurs due to changes in blood glucose as opposed to changes in Po2 and PCO2. Metabolic acidosis occurs due to changes in PO2 as opposed to PCO2.

During hyperventilation, why do some people detect a tingling sensation in their hands and feet? a decrease in blood flow to the distal extremities hyperexcitability of afferent neurons widespread release of catecholamines an increase in carbon dioxide in blood a decrease in carbon dioxide in blood

Which of the following is NOT a metabolic disturbance that can result in a metabolic acidosis? heavy exercise high-fat diet high-protein diet severe diarrhea excessive vomiting

What is the most rapid defense against changes in blood pH? renal compensation cardiac compensation respiratory compensation hepatic compensation buffering of hydrogen ions

How does severe diarrhea cause a metabolic acidosis? loss of hydrogen ions production of hydrogen ions production of bicarbonate loss of bicarbonate loss of phosphate

How does severe vomiting cause a metabolic alkalosis? loss of phosphate production of hydrogen ions loss of bicarbonate production of bicarbonate loss of hydrogen ions

How might a high-protein diet cause metabolic acidosis? loss of phosphate production of phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid loss of bicarbonate direct production of hydrogen ions loss of hydrogen ions

How might heavy exercise cause metabolic acidosis? loss of bicarbonate production of lactic acid loss of phosphate loss of hydrogen ions direct production of hydrogen ions

How might a high-fat diet cause metabolic acidosis? breakdown of fat into fatty acids loss of phosphate loss of bicarbonate loss of hydrogen ions direct production of hydrogen ions

Which of the following acts as a buffer to minimize changes in intracellular pH?

The role of a buffer is to enhance the ability of an increase in hydrogen ions to increase pH. reduce the secretion of hydrogen ions in the kidneys. reduce the secretion of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys. reduce the reabsorption of hydrogen ions in the kidneys. limit the change in pH with changing hydrogen ion concentrations.

What is the secondary defense against changes in pH that requires minutes to be activated? buffering of hydrogen ions renal compensation hepatic compensation respiratory compensation cardiac compensation

Respiratory compensation for changes in pH is originated by central chemoreceptors. directly affecting the activity of the diaphragm. baroreceptors. peripheral chemoreceptors. proprioceptors.

When an increase in hydrogen ions remains after one hour, this will lead to a(n) decrease in bicarbonate reabsorption in the kidneys. increased hydrogen reabsorption in the kidneys. failure of the kidneys to filter any more hydrogen ions. increase in hydrogen ion secretion from the kidneys. increase in bicarbonate secretion in the kidneys.

If hydrogen ions are added to a solution, the pH will increase. decrease. remain the same.

In order to compensate for a hyperventilation, the kidneys decrease the reabsorption of bicarbonate. lungs increase ventilation rate. kidneys increase the reabsorption of hydrogen ions. kidneys increase the secretion of hydrogen ions. kidneys increase the conversion of glutamine to bicarbonate.

What is internal respiration? exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the tissue level exchange of oxygen between the atmosphere and lungs the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin mitochondrial use of oxygen to produce energy

What is external respiration? mitochondrial use of oxygen to produce energy the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin exchange of oxygen between the atmosphere and lungs exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the tissue level

Which of the following specifically describes the movement of air into and out of the lungs? secondary ventilation pulmonary ventilation respiration internal respiration expiration

Which of the following processes is NOT a part of external respiration? the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood by diffusion the use of oxygen and generation of carbon dioxide by the mitochondria during energy metabolism the movement of air into and out of the lungs by bulk flow the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and body tissues by the blood the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and tissues by diffusion

Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system? enhancing venous return acid-base balance of blood vocalization electrolyte balance of blood heat loss

Which of the following processes does NOT form part of external respiration? pulmonary ventilation transport of gases Krebs cycle gas exchange

Internal respiration refers to the use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide by cells. True False

What constitutes the upper airways? the air passages prior to the lungs the air passages from the nose and mouth through the conducting zone the air passages of the head and neck the air passages prior to the trachea

The conducting zone starts with the larynx. What specific function of the respiratory system is this organ specialized for? defense against pathogens and foreign particles in the airway humidification of air entering the lungs vocalization respiration

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs? goblet cells alveoli respiratory bronchioles larynx

Which of the following is true of the pulmonary pressures? Intrapleural pressure is always positive so that the pleural membranes remain in contact. Because of pneumothorax, intrapleural pressure equilibrates with atmospheric pressure. Without the positive force of alveolar pressure pushing the lung outward, the lung collapses due to elastic recoil forces. The difference between intra-alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure is the pressure gradient that drives ventilation. An increase in transpulmonary pressure creates a larger collapsing pressure across the lungs, which is accompanied by the contraction of the lungs (alveoli).

When air is no longer moving through the respiratory tract and the airway is open to the environment, the pressure within the lung is equal to intrapleural pressure. end-diastolic pressure. atmospheric pressure. systolic blood pressure. transpulmonary pressure.

Which alveolar cells engulf foreign particles and pathogens inhaled into the lungs? alveolar type I cells goblet cells alveolar macrophages alveolar type II cells

The difference between what two pressures drives air into and out of the lungs? intrapleural and intra-alveolar central venous and intracoronary pulmonary venous and atmospheric atmospheric and intrapleural atmospheric and intra-alveolar

In a mixture of gases, the driving force for the movement of an individual gas within that mixture is ultimately the volume of the gas. solubility of the gas. total pressure of the gases. partial pressure of that gas. fractional concentration of that gas.

What is the most abundant gas in the air that we breathe? carbon dioxide hydrogen water vapor nitrogen oxygen

What percentage of air is oxygen? 79% < 1% 12% 21% 6%

Which organ of the GI absorbs water and ions? ileum the colon stomach the duodenum