Which of the following is not an antigen-presenting cells (APC)?
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dendritic cells
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Which of the following cells engulf antigens by phagocytosis and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition?
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mast cells
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Which cells secrete histamines that trigger inflammatory pathways?
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opsonization
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Which of the following is an effect of complement activation?
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thymus
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T cells achieve self-tolerance in the __________.
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helper T cells: destroy infected body cells
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Which of the following are NOT appropriately matched?
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cytotoxic T cells
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Activated CD8 T cells become __________.
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mucous membranes
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Which of the following would be a component of the body's first line of defense?
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natural killer cells
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A cellular component of the innate defenses includes _______
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It activates T helper cells by presenting antigen to them.
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All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation except one. Select the one answer that does NOT describe the classical pathway of complement activation.
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brings more leukocytes to the site of infection
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Inflammation ________.
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disrupting the selective permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane
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Membrane attack complex (MAC) kills by ________.
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Vasoconstriction prevents excessive blood loss due to injury.
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All but one of the following occurs during the inflammatory response. Select the example below that does NOT describe the process of inflammation.
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B-lymphocytes will differentiate to become plasma cells
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During inflammation, fluids will passively diffuse out of blood vessels into the nearby infected tissues. This implies all of the following EXCEPT ________.
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replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the inflammatory response?
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vasodilation
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The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ___
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prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions
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Which of the following is NOT a role of activated complement?
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interfere with viral replication within cells
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Interferons ________.
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cytokines
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Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area.
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natural killer cells
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Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________.
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opsonization
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Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________.
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phagocytosis
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Innate immune system defenses include ________.
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mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
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Phagocyte mobilization involves _____
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lectin pathway
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Which of the following is activated by the binding of proteins to sugars on the surface of microorganisms?
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protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
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What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?
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Antigens are substances that activate the adaptive immune response
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Which of the following is true of antigens?
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Incomplete antigens are only immunogenic when attached to protein carriers.
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Which of the following is true of incomplete antigens (haptens)?
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haptens
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Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________
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Antigens only come from microbes
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Which of the statements below does NOT describe antigens?
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reactivity with an antibody
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Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?
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One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
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Select the correct statement about antigens.
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T cells would not be able to properly bind to APC's and therefore not be activated by them
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Without the positive selection process in lymphocyte maturation _____
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that do not recognize self-MHC proteins undergo apoptosis
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Lymphocyte "education" refers to ensuring that T cells _______.
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After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.
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Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?
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the secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient than the primary response
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A vaccine is effective because ________.
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the flu has several strains that change seasonally
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A flu vaccine is needed seasonally to be effective but a polio vaccine is only needed once. The best explanation of this is ________.
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priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure
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Vaccines work by ________.
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have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody)
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Plasma cells ________.
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passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
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Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
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antigen
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In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?
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producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
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B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________.
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elevated blood glucose
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Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following EXCEPT _
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Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.
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Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.
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results in the formation of plasma cells
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Clonal selection of B cells ______
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has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
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The primary immune response ______
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cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched
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Antibody functions include all of the following EXCEPT ____
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IgG
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Which immunoglobulin class is the most abundant antibody in plasma?
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its memory cells that provide quicker, larger and more efficient immune response upon second and subsequent exposure to an antigen
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An advantage to adaptive immunity is ______
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They are a first line of defense that can begin killing pathogens immediately.
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B lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune system for all of the following reason but one. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons B lymphocytes are considered part of the adaptive immunity?
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They become T helper cells
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T cells are differentiated into two groups based on their glycoproteins: CD4 or CD8. Which of the following is true of CD4 T cells?
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antigenic
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Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell?
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NK cells are a type of neutrophil.
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Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement?
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may function in preventing autoimmune reactions
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Regulatory T cells ________.
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antigen binding and co-stimulation
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T-cell activation requires ________.
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Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens.
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Which of the following statements is incorrect or false?
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is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it
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Immunocompetence ________.
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can directly attack and kill other cells of the body
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Cytotoxic T cells ________.
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function in the adaptive immune system activation
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T helper cells ________.
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regulatory T cells
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Tissue rejection after an organ transplant is least likely due to the action of ___
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Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2.
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Which statement is true about T cells?
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Antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of the motor end plate resulting in muscle weakness.
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Which of the following examples below describes an autoimmune disease?
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allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle
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Allergens differ from antigens because ______
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antibodies; histamine
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Immediate and subacute hypersensitivities are caused by ________ that trigger the release of _________.
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a second exposure to an allergen
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Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders
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