One of the findings of modern sociology is that sexuality is socially constructed so that what is abnormal in one social framework may be normal in another. Identify which items illustrate this point.
answer
Illustrates Sexuality is Socially Constructed:
-Mouth-on-mouth kissing is considered unsanitary and bizarre by certain African and South American tribes.
-In one New Guinea tribe, performing fellatio is part of a boy's normal rite of passage into manhood.
question
What is the glass escalator?
answer
a promotion path fro men in predominantly female professions
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Place in chronological order a girl's development into adulthood, according to Freud.
-the girl learns that she will have the ability to bear children
-the girl envies her father's ability to have sex with her mother
-the girl feel confirmed in her femaleness
-the girl grows into an emotionally open women
answer
1. the girl envies her father's ability to have sec with her mother
2. the girl learns that she will have the ability to bear children
3. the girl feel confirmed in her femaleness
4. the girl grows into an emotionally open women
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Identify the obstacles Deirdre McCloskey faced in her "crossing the boundary" from man to woman.
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-family opposition
-self-doubt
-medical expenses
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In what year did the American Psychiatric Association take homosexuality off their list of mental disorders?
answer
1973
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Place in chronological order a boy's development into adulthood, according to Freud.
- The boy grows into an emotionally reserved man
-The boy fears being emasculated by his father
- For self-preservation, the boy separates from his mother
- The boy is sexually attracted to his mother
answer
1. The boy is sexually attracted to his mother
2. the boy fears being emasculated by his father
3. for self-preservation, the boy separates from his mother
4. the boy grows into an emotionally reserved man
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The _________ view of ________ is that it is not fixed by biological ________ but rather is a social institution. It is a set of ______________ that orders our lives and defines a person's place in society.
answer
-sociological
-gender
-sex
-script
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Psychologists Carol Gilligan and Mary Pipher argued, in the 1980s and 1990s, that the social deck is stacked against girls from infancy through adolescence, putting their physical and mental health at risk. What is Christina Hoff Sommers's position on this topic?
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Sommers believes that because boys are inadvertently penalized for the shortchanging of girls, boys suffer more than girls in education and adolescent health
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Barbara Reskin and Patricia Roos argue that changes in a job's _______, pay, and ________ level lead to changes in the __________ composition.
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-autonomy
-skill
-gender
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T/F
For American teenagers, the risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease has risen significantly since the 1970s.
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True
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How does Talcott Parsons's sex role theory explain the rise of the nuclear family as an ideal for raising children?
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The nuclear family serves the interest of capitalism
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Identify the reasons why England started researching hook-up culture.
answer
-She was surprised by a student's proposed research topic.
-She was surprised to learn from her students that they did not do a lot of dating.
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T/F
The story of David Reimer illustrates the blurry and shifting character of the boundary between male and female.
answer
false
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_______ sex-based discrimination is not only about preferential hiring, but also includes sexual harrassment. This can take various forms, ranging from inappropriate humor to _______. The phrase ________ is used to describe sex-based discrimination that is sometimes difficult to prove in court.
answer
-According to the law
-sexual assault
-"hostile environment"
question
Identify the fundamental goals of feminism.
answer
-to make people aware that gender structures relationships
-to gain for women the same level of opportunity and respect that men get
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Identify which factors help maintain the glass ceiling, an invisible barrier for women trying to climb the occupational ladder.
answer
-Women promoted to top positions are unfairly scrutinized and judged.
-Culturally, authority is conflated with masculinity.
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How does social constructionism, championed by Candace West and Don H. Zimmerman, differ from structural functionalism, psychoanalytic theory, and conflict theory when it comes to gender roles?
answer
Social construction is less deterministic
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Identify the ways in which the Möbius strip represents the relationship between sex and gender.
answer
-Societal understandings of sex and gender are interrelated. How we perceive biology informs our perception of social behavior, and vice versa.
-When we think or talk about sex and gender, we often move between the two concepts without noticing.
question
In Crossing: A Memoir (1999), identify the characteristics Deirdre McCloskey associated with her new identity as a woman, and which ones she associated with her old identity as a man.
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-lost weight more easily
-tended to remain angry longer
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What does Patricia Hill Collins mean by a "matrix of domination"?
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The nature and extent of a person's oppression is a function of multiple factors not just one
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Identify how conflict theory is similar to Talcott Parsons's structural functionalism in terms of the way they explain gender roles.
answer
-Both theories explain men's and women's gender roles in economic terms.
-Both theories are open to the charge of relying too much on a fixed, binary male/female distinction.
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Identify the reasons why Adrienne Rich refers to sexuality as a "political institution."
answer
-because "compulsory heterosexuality" is enforced through a set of shared norms
-because the typical arrangement of heterosexual households supports the economic system of the United States
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Identify the examples of how the travesti illustrate the influence of gender roles on biological sex.
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-The adopted gender role is associated with acting as female in sexual intercourse.
-The change in gender role includes acquiring female characteristics such as breasts.
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Advocates for children and adults with intersex conditionals want to change the way intersex infants are treated. Identify the major goals of this movement.
answer
-to remove the stigma of intersex conditions
-to discourage surgery on infants with ambiguous genitalia
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What, if any, was the lasting result of women entering the workforce in large numbers during World War II?
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Children were exposed to a new model of what a woman's life could be like
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Identify which items, according to researcher Gayatri Reddy, are characteristic of the hijras in India.
answer
-Most undergo voluntary castration.
-They have a reputation for being violent and untrustworthy.
-They often work as prostitutes.
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Identify the effects Bianchi and Robinson (1997), Kimmel (2000), and Conley (2004) observed in the children of mothers who worked outside the home at least part-time compared to children whose mothers did not.
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-Brothers and sisters with working mothers were more likely to end up economically equal.
-The children with working mothers may watch less television.
-The children with working mothers had more egalitarian attitudes.
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Identify what Catharine MacKinnon, in the context of American culture, would say about marital sex and prison rape?
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They are both more about power than they are about pleasure.
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Identify the examples of what Paula England learned in her research on hook-up culture among students.
answer
-A hook-up is a sexual encounter.
-Hook-ups tend to serve male interests more than female ones.
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Why is the "individual fixed effects" technique not suitable for studying the impact of biological sex on other aspects of a person's life?
answer
The method involves before-and-after comparisons
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Gender often appears as a given set of differences between men and women, yet it is really what
answer
socially constructed
question
Dalton Conley asked Amos Mac "whether he felt more like a man now than he had before he transitioned."
Identify the reasons why this question reflects a binary understanding of gender.
answer
-It assumes a single experience of being "male."
-It assumes one's identity changes when the physical body changes.
question
Of two women, one wears jeans and boots while the other wears a skirt and heels.
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difference in gender
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Of two men in college, one is attracted to men and the other to women.
answer
difference in sexuality
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Of two children, one has XY chromosomes and the other has XX.
the researcher's preconceptions shaped their interpretation of what they saw
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Identify which of the following reactions would be accurate of a biological determinist regarding same-sex attraction.
answer
-The determinist might propose that social influences had somehow interfered with normal, biologically based behavior patterns.
-The determinist could suggest that something had gone wrong at the biological level.
-The determinist would insist that being born with male parts means you are only a male and preordained to be sexually attracted to women.
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Identify the observed phenomena that call into question the binary male/female sex distinction.
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-children born with ambiguous genitalia
individuals with
-chromosome combinations like XXY
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Identify the examples of what Harvard president Larry Summers was suggesting in his much-criticized 2005 speech about men and women in science and engineering.
answer
-He was suggesting that in science the difference between the best and the worst performers may be greater for men than for women.
-He was suggesting that at the top of the ability spectrum in science, men may outperform women.
question
T/F
Today, there are roughly equal numbers of men and women in the workforce.
answer
true
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What did anthropologists William and Jean O'Barr find in examining the factors that influence a person's style of speech when the person is testifying as a witness in court?
answer
profession is more influential than sex or gender
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Identify what studies have determined about the effects of virginity pledges.
answer
-Virginity pledges delay the onset of sexual activity.
-Virginity pledges reduce the number of teenage sexual partners.
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How does the "one-sex" model of the ancient Greeks differ from the two-sex model of modern Western societies?
answer
In the one-sex model, the female body was regarded as an "inversion" of the male body
question
Identify the examples of ways in which Gayle Rubin's theory of the patriarchy represents a structural functionalist theory of gender.
answer
-The theory argues that existing power dynamics between men and women serve a societal purpose.
-The theory is tautological in its reasoning.
question
How does the NCAA determine the sex of athletes?
answer
by hormone levels
question
Identify each behavior as typical of either boys or girls, according to psychologist Carol Gilligan and sociologist Janet Lever.
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-prefer competitive games, like basketball
-deal with conflict by appealing to rules to decide who is right
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Identify the areas in which there are either disproportionately more men or more women.
answer
-math and science faculty and undergraduate majors
-enrollment at elite undergraduate institutions
question
"Before 1850, there was no such thing as a homosexual." What does this statement mean?
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Homosexuality was recognized as a type of behavior but not as a social identity
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Identify the obstacles Deirdre McCloskey faced in her "crossing the boundary" from man to woman.
answer
-medical expenses
-self-doubt
-family opposition
question
In Brazil, certain male prostitutes dress like women, alter their bodies to be more like a woman's, and refer to themselves as "she." What are these men called?
answer
travesti
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