chapter 12 r

Erikson was the first to recognize __________ as a crucial step toward becoming a productive, content adult. A) autonomy B) identity C) trust D) intimacy

Sixteen-year-old Max has been introspective lately. He has been wondering who he really is, thinking about his values, and pondering the direction he will pursue in the future. Max is A) considering a moral dilemma. B) adopting his parents' values as his own. C) constructing his identity. D) building his self-esteem.

After graduating from high school, Raymond floundered for a brief period. He did not know what he wanted to do or who he wanted to be. He tried several different things. According to Erikson, Raymond experienced A) generativity. B) identity foreclosure. C) inferiority. D) an identity crisis.

According to Erikson, if the psychological conflict of adolescence is resolved negatively, a young person experiences A) mistrust. B) role confusion. C) inferiority. D) isolation.

According to Erikson, when an adolescent cannot resolve an identity crisis, she may A) spend excessive amounts of time exploring vocational choices. B) appear shallow, directionless, and unprepared for the challenges of adulthood. C) have a fragmented self-concept. D) mold her characteristics into a solid core that provides a mature identity.

For most young people, identity development is not traumatic and disturbing, but, rather, a process of A) an identity crisis and a resolution. B) forming an ideal self. C) exploration followed by commitment. D) experimentation and error.

During adolescence, self-descriptions often include contradictory terms because teenagers A) feel pressure to display different selves in different relationships. B) are experiencing an identity crisis. C) are often repeating characteristics others have attributed to them. D) are egocentric and indecisive.

Which of the following statements exemplifies 17-year-old Xavier's ability to add integrating principles that make sense of formerly troublesome contradictions? A) "I am usually pretty honest, but sometimes I cheat on my homework." B) "I am a good athlete. I play three sports: soccer, tennis, and wrestling. It is hard to get my homework done." C) "I am not all that smart. I try really hard, but I can never seem to remember all of the details for the tests." D) "I'm talkative around friends, who really listen to me; but at home, I clam up because no one really hears me."

Compared with school-age children, teenagers' self-evaluations place more emphasis on A) athletic ability. B) physical strength. C) social virtues. D) physical attractiveness.

) Which of the following self-descriptions would be more typical of an adolescent than a school-age child? A) "I'm a good pianist, I like to play tennis, and I'm a bit tall for my age." B) "I am short, friendly, and athletic." C) "I'm mostly nice, but I have a fairly quick temper." D) "I have a new car, and I'm really good at playing videogames."

Teenagers add which of the following new dimensions of self-evaluation to those of middle childhood? A) athletic and academic ability B) close friendship, romantic appeal, and job competence C) physical attractiveness and relationships with family members D) friendship, integrity, and honesty

In adolescence, self-esteem __________ for most young people. A) remains stable B) declines C) fluctuates a great deal D) rises

n adolescence, __________ parenting predicts high self-esteem. A) uninvolved B) permissive C) authoritarian D) authoritative

Sixteen-year-old Garrett feels that he has a great relationship with his mother, with whom he feels free to have spirited discussions about politics and religion. Garrett is likely to be in a state of identity A) achievement. B) moratorium. C) foreclosure. D) diffusion.

When Antonio is asked about his plans for the future, he says he might want to be a lawyer like his mother. However, he is continuing to explore and learn about other professions. Antonio is displaying characteristics of identity A) achievement. B) moratorium. C) foreclosure. D) diffusion.

Mallory accepts her parents' political beliefs without question. She is characterized by identity A) diffusion. B) foreclosure. C) moratorium. D) achievement.

dentity-__________ individuals lack clear direction. They are not committed to values or goals, nor are they actively trying to reach them. A) achieved B) foreclosed C) diffused D) delayed

With regard to identity development, most young people __________ between their mid-teens and mid-twenties. A) change from lower statuses to higher ones B) move from moratorium to foreclosure C) move from moratorium to diffusion D) change from higher statuses to lower ones

Which of the following statements about identity development is true? A) Adolescents who go to college after high school graduation are at risk for identity foreclosure or diffusion. B) The majority of young people change from moratorium to foreclosure or diffusion in young adulthood. C) College students make more identity progress than they did high school. D) Those who go to work immediately after high school graduation tend to settle on a self-definition later than college students.

Long-term identity __________ and __________ are maladaptive. A) moratorium; foreclosure B) achievement; diffusion C) moratorium; achievement D) foreclosure; diffusion

Adolescents in moratorium A) display a dogmatic, inflexible cognitive style. B) use a diffuse-avoidant cognitive style. C) seek out relevant information, evaluate it, and revise their views. D) fear rejection by people on whom they depend for affection and self-esteem.

Adolescents stuck in either __________ or __________ are passive in the face of identity concerns and have adjustment difficulties. A) foreclosure; diffusion B) foreclosure; moratorium C) diffusion; achievement D) moratorium; achievement

Research on identity development indicates that individuals who are stuck for a long time in identity __________ are the most likely to use or abuse drugs. A) achievement B) moratorium C) foreclosure D) diffusion

Adolescents who assume that absolute truth is always attainable tend to be A) identity-achieved. B) identity-diffused. C) in moratorium. D) identity-foreclosed.

Adolescents who __________ tend to be in a state of moratorium or identity achievement. A) feel attached to their parents but also free to voice their own opinions B) have close bonds with their parents but lack opportunities for healthy separation C) do not experience warm, open communication with their parents D) have permissive or uninvolved parents

Seventeen-year-old Paulette is Native American. She is aware of her cultural ancestry, feels a strong sense of pride in being Native American, and is becoming more sensitive to the attitudes and feelings associated with being part of her tribe. Paulette is developing A) acculturative stress. B) bicultural identity. C) ethnic identity. D) identity diffusion.

Society can help minority adolescents resolve identity conflicts by A) encouraging them to explore the meaning of ethnicity in their lives. B) encouraging them to reject the dominant culture until they establish ethnic identity. C) discouraging contact with peers of the same ethnicity and encouraging assimilation. D) ensuring that they learn English, rather than retaining their native language.

Biculturally identified adolescents tend to A) have especially favorable relations with members of other ethnic groups. B) experience acculturative stress and reject aspects of their ethnic background. C) regard ethnicity as less central to their identities than monoracial adolescents. D) show higher achievement in school, but have more emotional and behavior problems.

Lawrence Kohlberg studied the development of moral understanding by A) observing his own children in situations where they were tempted to do something they knew was wrong. B) presenting children and adults with moral dilemmas and asking them what the main actor should do and why. C) using puppets to act out misbehavior and then asking children to explain why the puppet was wrong. D) interviewing parents about how their children would behave under a variety of circumstances.

At Kohlberg's __________ level, behaviors that result in punishment are viewed as bad, whereas those that lead to rewards are seen as good. A) universal ethical B) postconventional C) conventional D) preconventional

When presented with the Heinz dilemma, Luann overlooks Heinz's intentions and, instead, focuses on fear of authority and avoidance of punishment. Luann is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? A) Stage 1: The punishment and obedience orientation B) Stage 2: The instrumental purpose orientation C) Stage 3: The "good-boy-good-girl" orientation D) Stage 4: The social-order-maintaining orientation

At Kohlberg's Stage 2 of moral development, children A) want to maintain the affection and approval of friends and relatives by being a "good person." B) typically mention such principles as respect for the worth and dignity of each person. C) take societal laws into account when making moral choices. D) view right action as flowing from self-interest and understand reciprocity as equal exchange of favors.

Quinn believes that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order. According to Kohlberg, Quinn is at the __________ level of moral development. A) preconventional B) conventional C) postconventional D) perspective-taking

In Kohlberg's "good boy-good girl" orientation, children A) find it difficult to consider two points of view. B) take societal laws into account. C) express the same concern for the welfare of another as they do for themselves. D) regard laws and rules as flexible for furthering human purposes.

In response to Kohlberg's Heinz dilemma, Paige says that if Heinz is prosecuted for stealing, the law needs to be reinterpreted to take into account situations in which it goes against people's natural right to keep on living. Paige is reasoning at the __________ orientation stage. A) "good boy-good girl" B) social-order-maintaining C) universal ethical principle D) social contract

At Kohlberg's Stage 6 of moral development, individuals A) become aware that people can have different perspectives in a moral dilemma. B) believe that laws should not be disobeyed because they are vital for ensuring societal order. C) regard laws and rules as flexible instruments for furthering human purposes. D) typically mention such principles as respect for the worth and dignity of each person.

Among college-educated young adults, Kohlberg's Stage _____ reasoning is the typical response. A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6

Postconventional morality is A) typically reached around age 18. B) based on social conformity. C) exceedingly rare. D) common among college-educated young adults.

Many studies have tested Carol Gilligan's claim that Kohlberg's approach underestimates the moral maturity of females, but A) most do not support her contention. B) the results are too inconclusive to reach a consensus. C) measuring an "ethic of care" is too difficult to be reliable. D) most have used invalid measures.

Sally and Richard, both 18, are presented with the Heinz dilemma. Based on gender alone, which of the following statements is probably true? A) Richard will display reasoning at a higher stage than Sally. B) Sally will display reasoning at the same stage or higher than Richard. C) Themes of justice, but not caring, will appear in Sally's response. D) Themes of justice, but not caring, will appear in Richard's response.

Some evidence indicates that although the morality of males and females taps both care and justice A) females tend to emphasize justice. B) males more than females tend to focus equally on both orientations. C) females more than males tend to focus equally on both orientations. D) males tend to emphasize care.

Compared with younger children, adolescents view matters of personal choice as A) subject to authoritarian control. B) the province of the individual. C) less important than social obligation. D) a means of rebellion.

A researcher asks Timmy, a fourth grader, and Thom, a tenth grader, whether it is acceptable to exclude a child from a peer group on the basis of gender. Which of the following responses is the researcher most likely to hear? A) Thom will say that the exclusion is always unfair. B) Timmy will say that the exclusion is always acceptable. C) Thom will say that the exclusion is acceptable under certain circumst.ances D) Timmy will say that the exclusion is acceptable under certain circumstances.

Adolescents who gain most in moral understanding have parents who A) place limits on their free time. B) listen sensitively. C) assert their own personal opinions frequently. D) frequently use sarcasm.

__________ is a powerful predictor of movement to Kohlberg's Stage 4 or higher. A) Age B) Years of schooling C) Religious affiliation D) Ethnic identity

College students who __________ tend to be advanced in moral reasoning. A) work more part-time work hours B) participate in more social activities C) report more perspective-taking opportunities D) are placed in homogeneous classrooms

Interaction among __________ promotes moral understanding. A) like-minded peers B) peers of the same race C) peers of the same ethnicity D) peers who present differing viewpoints

With regard to Kohlberg's stages, individuals in village societies A) progress through the stages more quickly than those in industrialized nations. B) advance to higher levels than those in industrialized nations. C) rarely move beyond Stage 3. D) usually reach Stage 5 by early adulthood.

A common __________ morality is clearly evident in the dilemma responses of people from vastly different cultures. A) level of B) other-directed C) justice D) private conscience

The connection between mature moral reasoning and moral behavior is A) weak. B) modest. C) strong. D) very strong.

Parents who use __________ augment adolescents' moral identity. A) inductive discipline B) a diffuse-avoidant cognitive style C) a permissive child-rearing style D) an authoritarian child-rearing style

Schools can strengthen students' moral identity through A) social experiments. B) religious education. C) just educational environments. D) reward and punishment programs.

During adolescence, A) formal religious involvement tends to decline. B) church attendance becomes a major source of parent-child conflict. C) most young people reject the idea of a "higher being." D) formal religious involvement tends to increase.

Sixteen-year-old Britney is very involved her religious community. Compared with nonaffiliated youths, Britney probably A) uses more alcohol, but does not use drugs. B) is more involved in community service activities aimed at helping the less fortunate. C) engages in less misconduct, but is less academically responsible. D) is less advanced in moral reasoning.

Researchers who favor the pragmatic approach to morality assert that A) Gilligan's theory provides a more accurate account of moral reasoning than Kohlberg's theory. B) everyday moral judgments are efforts to arrive at just solutions. C) everyday moral judgments are practical tools that people use to achieve their goals. D) Kohlberg's stage sequence adequately accounts for morality in everyday life.

As Rainer enters adolescence, he begins to worry about talking, dressing, and competing in ways consistent with a masculine gender role. Rainer is experiencing A) gender-role confusion. B) identity diffusion. C) identity moratorium. D) gender intensification.

As girls move into early adolescence, they A) feel less free to experiment with "other-gender" activities and behaviors. B) begin to explore a number of "cross-gender" activities. C) tend to reject traditionally "feminine" activities. D) are less likely than boys to show gender intensification.

Overall, __________ adolescents, especially __________, tend to be psychologically healthier—more self-confident, more willing to speak their own mind, better-liked by peers, and identity-achieved. A) feminine; girls B) masculine; boys C) androgynous; boys D) androgynous; girls

Travis, who sees himself as a separate, self-governing person, is striving to rely more on himself and less on his parents for decision making. Travis is developing A) identity foreclosure. B) autonomy. C) an ideal self. D) moral identity

An improved ability to reason about social relationships leads teenagers to A) rely more on parental support. B) deidealize their parents. C) solve problems less efficiently. D) gender intensification.

Low self-esteem, depression, and antisocial behavior among teenagers are associated with __________ parenting. A) permissive or indulgent B) warm or supportive C) uninvolved D) coercive or psychologically controlling

Immigrant parents from cultures that highly value family closeness and obedience to authority A) are less likely to monitor their teenagers' daily activities. B) often react more strongly to adolescent disagreement. C) have an easier time adapting to their teenagers' push for autonomy. D) more readily achieve a mature, harmonious relationship with their teenagers.

The mild conflict that typically arises in well-functioning families A) is associated with a rise in antisocial behavior, particularly for older adolescents. B) often escalates into intense parent-child disagreements. C) interferes with identity development and predicts long-term adjustment problems. D) facilitates adolescent identity and autonomy.

Parents who __________ usually find it easier to grant teenagers appropriate autonomy and experience less conflict with them. A) have time-consuming, stressful jobs B) have a permissive parenting style C) are content with their marriages D) have an authoritarian parenting style

In adolescence, sibling relationships become A) more intense in negative feelings. B) less intense in both positive and negative feelings. C) more important to the teen, but more strained. D) more intense in positive feelings.

Which of the following statements about sibling relationships in adolescence is true? A) Attachment between siblings remains strong for most young people. B) Siblings who established a positive bond in early childhood tend to display less affection and caring. C) Mild sibling differences in perceived parental affection tend to trigger jealousy. D) Culture has little influence on the quality of sibling relationships.

Teenagers in the United States A) spend less time together outside of the classroom than European and East Asian teenagers. B) have about 50 hours of free time per week. C) spend more weekday time with family members than with peers. D) experience more demanding academic standards than European teenagers.

Teenagers say that the most important characteristic of friendship is A) shared interests and activities. B) self-disclosure. C) shared attitudes and values. D) intimacy.

__________ rises over the adolescent years. A) Self-disclosure between friends B) Number of best friends C) Possessiveness between friends D) Time spent with siblings

Mark and Peter, both age 15, are best friends. Their discussions probably focus on A) educational aspirations. B) communal concerns. C) social status. D) accomplishments.

When friends focus on deeper thoughts and feelings, they tend to A) coruminate. B) be happier. C) remain close through adulthood. D) fight more.

_________ has become the preferred means of electronic interaction between teenage friends. A) Instant messaging B) Cell-phone texting C) Social networking D) Cell calling

Online interactions A) with strangers lead to depression, peer victimization, and delinquency. B) with preexisting friends tend to shorten the duration of the friendship. C) with strangers offer some teenagers vital social support. D) detract from high-quality face-to-face social experiences.

In adolescence, close friendships A) help young people deal with stress. B) often interfere with identity development. C) are tightly structured and exclusive. D) contribute to a rise in depression.

Cliques A) usually have members that resemble one another in family background. B) are large, loosely organized groups of agemates. C) weaken adolescents' self-concepts. D) increase in importance throughout adolescence.

In high school, Jamie is a class leader. She is highly social and involved in several activities. Jamie socializes with a large, loosely organized group of popular classmates. This group is Jamie's A) crowd. B) social family. C) clique. D) circle.

Crowd membership is based on A) family background. B) reputation. C) emotional closeness. D) physical appearance.

Alec has warm, supportive parents. He is most likely to affiliate with which of the following crowds? A) "partyers" B) "nonconformists" C) "druggies" D) "brains"

As interest in dating increases, A) membership in same-sex cliques increases. B) boys' and girls' cliques come together. C) crowds increase in importance. D) membership in deviant crowds increases.

Lexi, age 13, is likely to mention __________ as a reason for dating. A) companionship B) compatibility C) peer status D) affection

Mackenzie, age 19, is likely to mention __________ as a reason for dating. A) peer status B) recreation C) self-esteem D) companionship

Early dating is related to A) delinquency and drug use. B) high academic achievement. C) later relationship stability. D) depression.

The first dating relationships of __________ tend to be short-lived because they fear peer harassment and rejection. A) highly religious individuals B) homosexual youths C) ethnic minorities D) heterosexual youths

Fifteen-year-old Beatrice no longer enjoys riding horses, which she has done since she was 8 years old. She feels sad and frustrated. She is having trouble sleeping and concentrating, and she has little energy. Beatrice has symptoms of A) an identity crisis. B) anxiety. C) a vitamin C deficiency. D) depression.

Which of the following statements about adolescent depression is true? A) Chronic depression affects 15 to 20 percent of U.S. teenagers. B) Depression is the most common psychological problem of adolescence. C) Boys are more likely than girls to report a depressed mood. D) Heredity plays little to no role in adolescent depression.

Depressive symptoms increase dramatically __________ and occur more often in __________. A) between ages 12 and 16; girls B) in middle adolescence; in middle-class teenagers C) after age 16; girls D) after high school graduation; boys

Teenage girls are __________ as likely as boys to report persistent depressed mood. A) not B) just C) twice D) three times

Which of the following statements about the factors related to depression is true? A) Heredity plays only a minor role in depression. B) Genes can induce depression by affecting the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain. C) Biological changes associated with puberty explain why girls are more prone to depression than boys. D) Late-maturing girls are especially prone to depression.

Which of the following statements about sex differences in adolescent depression is true? A) In many developing countries, rates of depression are similar for males and females. B) Early-maturing boys are especially prone to depression. C) Adolescent gender intensification may strengthen boys' tendency to ruminate on their problems. D) Adolescents of both genders who identify strongly with "masculine" traits are more depressed.

Having friends with depressive symptoms A) helps teenagers develop empathy. B) increases teenagers' capacity for interdependence and compromise. C) is linked to a rise in teenagers' own depressive symptoms. D) increases the likelihood of dating violence and risky sexual behavior.

The suicide rate A) decreases from middle childhood to early adolescence. B) jumps sharply at adolescence. C) decreases from adolescence to adulthood. D) in the United States is low among industrialized nations.

Which of the following statements about sex differences in adolescent suicide is true? A) The number of boys who kill themselves exceeds the number of girls by a ratio of 2 to 1. B) Girls tend to choose methods that lead to instant death. C) Girls make more unsuccessful suicide attempts than boys. D) Gender-role expectations may explain why girls have higher rates of depression and suicide.

) Which of the following teenagers is at highest risk for suicide? A) Quinn, a Caucasian-American girl B) Mercy, an African-American girl C) Lou, a Native-American boy D) Emilio, a Hispanic-American boy

Which of the following statements about adolescent suicide is true? A) Gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths are at lower risk for suicide. B) Few suicidal adolescents have a family history of emotional problems. C) Suicidal adolescents are likely to have experienced multiple stressful life events. D) Highly intelligence teens rarely commit suicide.

Which of the following contributes to the sharp rise in suicide during adolescence? A) identity foreclosure B) emotional self-regulation C) an improved ability to plan ahead D) moral self-relevance

Which of the following statements about the prevention and treatment of suicide is true? A) It is nearly impossible to prevent adolescent suicide, as teenagers rarely exhibit warning signs around adults. B) Parents and teachers must be trained to pick up on the signals that a troubled teenager sends. C) Gun-control legislation that restricts the availability of firearms to adolescents has little impact on suicide rates. D) Parents should not be concerned about teenagers' commenting, "I wish I were dead," because adolescents are overly dramatic.

Which of the following statements about juvenile delinquency is true? A) Delinquency involves misconduct, but not illegal behavior. B) Almost all teenagers admit to having committed some sort of delinquent act. C) Juveniles account for about 4 percent of police arrests. D) For most delinquents, a brush with the law forecasts adult criminal behavior.

Both police arrests and self-reports show that delinquency A) is equally common among boys and girls. B) rises in late adolescence and emerging adulthood. C) rises over early and middle adolescence and then declines. D) is often exaggerated and overreported.

Serious violent crime is A) mostly the domain of boys. B) mostly the domain of girls. C) rarely committed by teens. D) linked to authoritative parenting.

Which of the following statements about factors related to juvenile delinquency is true? A) SES and ethnicity are strongly related to teenagers' self-reports of antisocial acts. B) Girls account for about one in three adolescent arrests for violence. C) Families of delinquent youths tend to be low in warmth, high in conflict, and characterized by harsh, inconsistent discipline and low monitoring. D) Teenagers tend to commit crimes in high-SES neighborhoods where parents are more likely to be absent after school and in the early evening.

Which of the following delinquent youths is the most likely to experience a life-course pattern of aggression and criminality? A) David, who first displayed antisocial behavior around puberty B) Doug, who first showed signs of physical aggression at age 3 C) Shonna, who was first arrested at age 15 when she fell in with the wrong crowd D) Lana, who was arrested three times in high school but is now doing well in college

Most boys who exhibit early-onset delinquency A) are well-adjusted by adolescence. B) decline in aggression over time. C) experience overly indulgent parenting. D) first display antisocial behavior around puberty.

Which of the following is a characteristic of late-onset delinquency? A) conduct problems arising from the peer context of early adolescence B) emotional negativity and restlessness as early as age 2 C) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder D) long-term, inept parenting

Effective programs to prevent delinquency A) take place in the home. B) include short-term incarceration. C) must start early and take place at multiple levels. D) start in late adolescence.