Of the three buffering mechanisms in the body, which is the strongest? A) Renal B) Respiratory C) Chemical Buffer
answer
Renal System: although slow, it is the strongest buffering system in the body. By altering the reabsorption and excretion of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions, the kidneys control the pH of body fluids.
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The bicarbonate buffer system is one of the chemical buffer systems of the body. How would the bicarbonate buffer system work if sodium hydroxide were added to a solution?
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A hydrogen on carbonic acid would dissociate and join the hydroxyl group on the base to form water and sodium bicarbonate.
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The respiratory system is one of the three systems that regulate acid-base balance in the body. How does it work to decrease an acidosis?
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Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled.
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In a respiratory acidosis the kidney would do which of the following?
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The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions.
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Ingesting too much antacid would cause which of the following acid-base disturbances?
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Metabolic alkalosis. Ingestion of an antacid would increase bicarbonate, causing metabolic alkalosis.
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Vomiting will cause which type of acid-base disturbances?
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Metabolic alkalosis. Loss of HCL acid from stomach would cause metabolic alkalosis.
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Severe anxiety would cause which type of acid-base disturbance? What would be the compensation?
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Respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would excrete HCO3.
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Which chemical buffer system resists pH changes in the ECF?
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The bicarbonate buffer system is the only one that resists pH changes in the ECF.
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The formation of carbonic acid from water and carbon dioxide is catalyzed by?
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Carbonic anhydrase
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Too much carbon dioxide in the blood can be the result of?
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Emphysema
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Why does rebreathing simulate hypoventilation?
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Carbon dioxide accumulates in the blood with either.
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Respiratory acidosis is a result of?
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An increase in ht H+ in the blood.
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How o the kidneys compensate for acid-base imbalances?
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By excreting bicarbonate ion & H+ and reabsorbing bicarbonate ion and H+.
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Which of the following have the same effect on plasma pH?
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Reabsorption of bicarbonate and excretion of H+.
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The movement of fluid and solutes from the peritubular capillary to the renal tubule is referred to as?
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Tubular secretion.
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The nephron is responsible for maintaining?
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Acid-base balance in the body, fluid balance in the body, and electrolyte balance in the body.
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How does severe hyperalkalemia negatively affect the heart?
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Reduces depolarization events.
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Starvation would cause which of the following acid-base conditions? Also determine what type of compensation there would be.
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Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation. This is known as ketosis, and the respiratory system would increase respiration to compensate for the excess hydrogen ions.
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Diarrhea can lead to which acid/base disturbance? Assuming compensation, would it be a metabolic or respiratory compensation?
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Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation.
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Emphysema can lead to which acid/base disturbance? What would be the compensation?
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Respiratory acidosis; kidneys will retain more HCO3 and excrete H+.
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Which of the following is the only logical explanation for why hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability and causes muscle tetany?
answer
Low plasma calcium ion concentration increases the permeability of neuron membranes to sodium ions, thereby causing depolarization that in turn increases the likelihood of action potentials being generated.
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The kidneys compensate for respiratory alkalosis by?
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Conserving H+ and excreting bicarbonate ion.
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In uncompensated respiratory acidosis, the _______ levels of the blood are ________.
answer
carbon dioxide levels of the blood are elevated.
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When the partial pressure of carbon dioxide was decreased, what changes occurred in the urine?
answer
H+ in the urine decreased and bicarbonate ion increased in the urine.
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At which partial pressure of carbon dioxide did respiratory acidosis occur?
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60 mm Hg
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Respiratory acidosis can be a result of?
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Asthma
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Which of the following occurred during rebreathing?
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Carbon dioxide increased.
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Respiratory acidosis can be compensated for by?
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the kidneys.
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Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and blood pH are?
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Inversely proportional to each other.
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The pH of the ECF is maintained in homeostatic balance by which chemical buffer system?
answer
Bicarbonate
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How do physiological buffer systems differ from chemical buffer systems?
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Chemical buffer systems convert strong acids of bases into weak acids of bases, while physiological buffer systems remove acids and bases from the body.
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How does carbonic acid alone directly affect the pH of blood?
answer
Carbonic acid does not significantly affect blood pH.
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