Chapter 24 APUSH

he first elements of the AEF, American troops who served in Europe in World War I, arrived in Paris in July 1917. They were under the command of General John J. Pershing, who insisted that they fight as independent units and not be integrated into British and French forces.

Article X of the League of Nations Covenant in the Treaty of Versailles bound signatories to protect the political independence and territorial integrity of all member nations. It provoked the most opposition to ratification of the treaty in the U.S. Senate.

Republican senator Borah from Idaho headed the "irreconcilables," who, as isolationists, refused to support U.S. membership in the League of Nations.

Carranza, a supporter of representative government, became president of Mexico in 1914. President Wilson extended diplomatic recognition to his government as a way to help Mexico's constitutionalists regain order in the country.

Clemenceau, premier of France in 1919, represented his nation's interest as part of the "Big Four" at the Versailles peace conference. French security and the crippling of Germany were his primary focus, and he was cynical toward President Wilson's "peace without victory."

During World War I, President Wilson created the CPI and appointed journalist George Creel to head it. The committee's objective was to maximize national loyalty and support for the war. It was a hard-working wartime propaganda organization.

During World War I, President Wilson created the Committee on Public Information (CPI) and appointed journalist George Creel to head it. The committee's objective was to maximize national loyalty and support for the war. It was a hard-working wartime propaganda organization.

Dollar diplomacy was a foreign policy associated with the presidency of William Howard Taft. It reasoned that American economic penetration would bring stability and safety to underdeveloped nations, particularly in Latin America and Asia, and bring profit and power to the United States.

In January 1918, President Wilson outlined a peace plan with fourteen points, including no secret diplomacy, freedom of the seas, free trade, arms reduction, noncolonization, and national self-determination.

In 1906, the Japanese government agreed not to issue passports to Japanese workers intending to migrate to the United States. President Roosevelt reciprocated by getting the San Francisco school board to end its discriminatory segregation of Japanese students.

In the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903), the United States guaranteed the independence of Panama and provided America leasehold on the Canal Zone and the right to fortify it.

The Hay-Herran Convention (1903) gave the United States leasehold on a strip of land in the Isthmus of Panama, then part of Colombia. The Colombian government failed to ratify the agreement, Panama declared its independence, and the United States leased the area from Panama.

The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty set aside the 1850 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty between the United States and Britain. Hay-Pauncefote gave the United States the right to build and fortify an isthmian canal through Central America. The United States agreed to keep the canal open to ships of all nations.

Huerta ruthlessly seized power in Mexico in 1913. President Wilson objected to Huerta's murderous methods and refused to extend diplomatic recognition to his government. Huerta abdicated in 1914.

Hughes, a progressive Republican, was that party's presidential nominee in 1916. Later, he was a secretary of state and chief justice of the United States.

The handful of Senate "irreconcilables," led by Senator Borah of Idaho, were basically isolationists who were uncompromising in their opposition to U.S. membership in the League of Nations.

The League of Nations was President Wilson's fourteenth point in his plan for a "peace without victory." He proposed the League as an international peacekeeping organization, and this was incorporated into the 1919 Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I. But questions about League membership caused the U.S. Senate to refuse to ratify the treaty.

Massachusetts Republican senator Henry Cabot Lodge, a personal and political enemy of Woodrow Wilson and an intense nationalist, organized the reservationists who opposed U.S. membership in the League of Nations.

In May 1915, a German submarine off the coast of Ireland sank the British passenger ship "Lusitania." One hundred twenty-eight Americans died. President Wilson demanded Germany pay an indemnity to victims and promise to stop attacking passenger ships. Germany agreed to pay an indemnity.

President Wilson's approach to foreign policy was well intentioned and idealistic: to help other nations achieve stable democratic governments and improved standards of living. His diplomatic mission was to spread the gospel of democracy. He did not always live up to his ideals.

Hoping to mediate a conclusion to World War I before it dragged in the United States, President Wilson in June 1917 offered terms for a "peace without victory." The terms were similar to what became Wilson's Fourteen Points. Both belligerents ignored them.

General "Black Jack" Pershing was the commander of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), U.S. troops who served in Europe in World War I. He had earlier served in the Spanish-American War and the Philippine-American War, and had commanded the military excursion into Mexico in 1916.

Many senators had reservations as to the wisdom of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. They wanted to modify the treaty to protect their own political interests and to assure American sovereignty in world affairs. They were particularly suspicious of the treaty's creation of a League of Nations.

President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904 announced in his corollary to the Monroe Doctrine that the United States had a right to intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American nations if they became unstable. The United States assumed the role of policeman of the Western Hemisphere.

In the 1908 Root-Takahira Agreement, the United States recognized Japan's special interests in Manchuria and Korea, and Japan recognized American ownership of the Philippines. Both nations agreed to support the independence of China and abide by the Open Door policy.

The wartime Sedition Act (1918) loosely defined sedition and invited repression of freedom of speech for dissenters. Socialist Eugene V. Debs was sent to prison for making an antiwar speech.

After the French channel steamer "Sussex" was sunk by a German submarine in May 1916, protests pressured Germany to pledge to stop sinking merchant vessels with U-boats.

In April 1914, some U.S. sailors were arrested in Tampico, Mexico. President Wilson used the incident as a pretext to send U.S. troops into northern Mexico. He intended to unseat the Huerta government in Mexico. After the Niagara Falls Conference, Huerta abdicated and the confrontation ended

In the 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth (New Hampshire), President Theodore Roosevelt mediated the settlement of the Russo-Japanese War. The Japanese were embittered by the settlement, which gave them less territory and a smaller financial indemnity than they expected.

In 1916, Mexican "bandit" Francisco "Pancho" Villa raided Columbus, New Mexico, hoping to provoke U.S. intervention that would topple the Carranza government he opposed. U.S. troops intervened as a punitive expedition to chase Villa, but were withdrawn before he could be found.

President Wilson created the War Labor Board in 1917 to settle labor disputes during World War I. It prevented many strikes, set wage-and-hour standards, and compelled employers to deal with labor leaders, thus promoting the growth of labor unions.

The Zimmermann telegram was intercepted and published in the United States. The note from the German foreign minister revealed that Germany planned to offer to help Mexico regain territories it had lost to the United States in the event the United States and Germany went to war and Mexico supported Germany. Americans were outraged by this potential threat to their national security.

Pledge by Germany that promised that U-boats would stop and warn lines, unless they tied to resist escape. Later broke this pledge.

Established by Roosevelt and Secretary of War Elihu Root, this was meant to prepare nation as a world power by strengthening the U.S. military. In addition to this, they also imposed stiff test for promotion of officers, and in 1903 created a general staff to oversee military planning and organization.

Ship sent by Roosevelt to show support of U.S. for Panama Independence. Also prevented Columbian troops from putting down the revolt.

Warned foreign corporations not to purchase harbors and other sites of military significance in Latin America.

Recognized Japan's dominance over Korea in return for its promise not to invade the Philippines. (Violated the Open Door Policy.)

Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. He was assassinated on June 28, 1914, which sparked the long simmering call to war of the Central and Allied Powers.

Organizations founded by pacifistic progressives such as Jane Addams, Florence Kelley, Frederic C. Howe, Lillian Wald, etc. in attempts to hold off U.S. Involvement in the war.

A word that literally sounds like "under the boot." (Probably supposed to be "under the boat.") This was a relatively new weapon of the time and was actually the first of the submarines. Commonly referred to as "U-boats," these were flimsy and slow, but still a powerful weapon.

May 4, 1916, after sinking the unarmed French Channel steamer Sussex with a torpedo, in direct violation of the Arabic pledge, the Kaiser of Germany made this pledge, agreeing to Wilson's demands and promised to shoot on sight only ships of the enemy's navy. Attached the condition that the U.S. compel the Allies to end their blockade and comply with international law. (Wilson accepted pledge but not condition.) This marked a short period of time of friendly relations between Germany and the U.S.

German foreign minister ********* who sent the Zimmerman telegram.

Defensive War plan for a war against Japan in the Pacific

Plan to counter a possible German attack in the Caribbean.

Passed May 1927, this provided for the registration of all men between the ages of 21 and 30 (later changed to 18 to 45) for the draft.