APUSH Chapter 34

After World War I, this United States president sought to reduce the risk of war by writing the Fourteen Points that influenced the creation of the League of Nations. considered the shining moral voice of the Allies, inspirational and idealistic leader of the Western world in wartime who later stumbled as a peacemaker

Jan 31, Policy enacted by GE declaring they would sink all ships, including America's, in the war zone, thus jerking on their "string," in the Sussex ultimatum

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning. eventually broken

little group of willfull men, Germany openly attacking Americans; where Germans sank four unarmed American merchant vessels

proposed a GERMAN-MEXICAN alliance, 1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile

day American declared war on Germany

abstention from alliances and other international political and economic relations; American foreign policy; what America strives to do in order to keep out of European problems and wars

German submarine, taken from the German 'Unterseeboat'

the first woman elected to congress. she was from MONTANA and voted against WWI as well as WWII. even in her 80s she protested against the Vietnam war in the 1960s

Wilson's appeal to all the belligerents in Jan 1917, before GER resumed submarine warfare (which led US into WWI), Wilsonian IDEALISM make world safe for democracy, wanted this to be the war to end all wars

the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations (Wilson's idealistic statement of American war aims in Jan 1918 that inspired the Allies and demoralized their enemies)

pt 14, International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s. Wilson's proposed international body that constituted the key provision of the Versailles Treaty

Organization also known as the Creel Commission which was responsible for rallying American's around the war effort through PROPAGANDA

a journalists who was the head of the Committee of Public Information. He helped the anti-German movement as well as inspired patriotism in America during the war.

These Committee on Public Information (CPI) volunteers (about 75,000 of them) gave pro-war pep talks to movie audiences and other gatherings.

what patriotic Americans called Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany

number of German-Americans in US out of 100 mil population, surprisingly loyal to America

sauerkraut and hamburgers were renamed to express the anti-German sentiment

against socialists, provided fines and imprisonment for persons who aided the enemy, obstructed with the draft, caused disloyalty or refusal of duty in the army services. printed materials advocating treason could be excluded from the US mail

added to Espionage Act to cover "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces. made it illegal for americans to speak badly about the US government, constitution, or flag

aka the I WON'T WORKs or WOBBLIES (IWWs), a labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905, memebers often prosecuted under the Espionage/Sedition Acts

Leader of the IWW ( Industrial Workers of the World ) whose goal was to organize all workers into one union to overthrow Capitalism

this council was composed of members of Wilson's cabinet and was designed to help the economy meet war needs. They wanted to use a more centralized approach to do so. wanted to beef up the army which had about 100,000 regulars and 15th navy in the world

Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.; weak fed agency designed to organize and coordinate US industrial production for the war effort

He headed the War Industries Board which placed the control of industries into the hands of the federal government. It was a prime example of War Socialism.

slogan government used to encourage people to work in factories, blacks and women enter service in great numbers (chance for a little bit of equality)

What women who entered agriculture as the vacuum of jobs became available were called

the constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote. (enacted because women proved themselves to be an important workforce during the war) Constitutional provision endorsed by Wilson as a war measure whose ratification achieved a long-sought goal for American women

department designed to carry out tasked concerning war with other countries; issued a "WORK OR FIGHT" rule which basically meant all able bodied men had to join the army or work in a useful occupation

The first federation of labor unions in the United States. Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886, gave loyal support to the war effort

During WWII it mediated disputes between management and laborers to prevent strikes, Taft was co chairman

This government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food and ration food for the military.

He was the head of the Food Administration who also led a charity drive to feed BELGIUM. He ensured the success of the Food Administration and created a surplus of food through volunteer actions.

basis on which the Food Adminstration gathered a surplus, encouraged people with patriotic propoganda to save food ex like wheatless wednesdays, patriotic to the core; gas company use lightless nights

Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort

Amendment forbids the sale and manufacture of liquor and made it illegal in 1919.

Like the Food Administration, this administration encouraged Americans to save fuel with "heatless Mondays" and "gasless Sundays." The actions helped create a sum of $21 billion to pay for the war.

Treasury Dept bond-selling drives that raised about $21 billion to finance the American war effort, followed by a VICTORY LOAN campaign

another method to raise money, government tried to sell this (if one wasn't wearing such a button as proof, might find their house dumped with yellow paint, etc)

one of the giant new ships sent out by the Americans

compulsory military service, only way to raise enough people for the army (enacted 6 weeks after declaring war)

a person who avoids being drafted into military service

It required the registration of all males between the ages of 18 and 45, and did not allow for a man to purchase his exemption from the draft. army eventually reached about 4 mil people

Bolsheviks removed Russia out of the war after seizing power in 1917 because they believed this was purely a ____ war

most sung about beautiful french women in WWI

yanks, Commander of the Allied forces who ordered attacks along a line from Verdun to the North Sea. He made the crucial move of the forces to the area between the Meuse River and the Argonne Forest. supreme French Allied commander, presented armistice

Battle where Americans saw their first serious action; helped turn back a German offensive on the Marne River in June 1918 American forces stop the German advance towards France (before the Marne), Crucial battle of May 1918 in which American troops defended Paris in their first European engagement

a nickname for the inexperienced but fresh American soldiers during WWI

black soldiers of the still segregated American army sent to this country, after war many stayed there because surprised by equality they were given

Foch counteroffensive, turning point of the war!!! Last offensive launched by the Germans during WW1

1 of 2 major battles US involved in, first major military effort entirely in American hands, General Pershing and his troops ousted German from a long held position

Lead the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF)

2 of 2 major battles US involved in, cut German railroad lines and took 120,000 casualties, Allies win; killed 10% of American soldiers; Climactic FINAL battle of WWI

The last major offensive of World War I under General Pershing where 1/10 of all U.S. troops died over a period of 42 days due to rough terrain, heavy machine gun fire, and inadequate training. part of Meuse-Argonne offensive

Tennessee-born soldier whose action in the Argonne Forest made him an American hero, killed 25 machine-gunners and captured 132 German soldiers when his soldiers took cover; won Congressional Medal of Freedom

Wilson's idea that Americans should go past party lines

committee headed by Henry Cabot Lodge; Senatorial committee whose chairman used delaying tactics and hostile testimony to develop opposition to Wilson's treaty and League of Nations

majority of congress, but Wilson didn't invite any to Paris conference (goes against "politics is adjourned" theory)

Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened., Led a group of senators during Woodrow Wilson's presidency known as the "reservationists" during the 1919 debate over the League of Nations. Wilsons great senatorial antagonist who fought to keep America out of the league of nations

369th Colored Infantry Regiment

at VERSAILLES, the event at which the Allies met to discuss the fate of Europe, the former Ottoman Empire, and various colonies around the world after the end of WWI (the Central Powers were not allowed to participate in negotiations) 1919, meeting of the Allies at the end of WWI, concluded with Treaty of Versailles

Term to describe the major representatives at the peace conference after World War I: Woodrow Wilson (US president) richest and freshest great power basically took the driver's seat of conference but abandoned 13 of his points, Georges Clemenceau (french premier), David Lloyd George (british prime minister), Vittorio Orlando (italian prime minister)

Premier of Italy and representing his country at Paris Peace Conference. Primary objective was to gain as much territory as possible for Italy. One of Big Four and also representing a democratic system.

He was the British representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering the 14 points.

French premier during World War I; he was the French representative at the Versailles Peace Conference in 1919; the most cynnical of the Big Four, wanted revenge, nickname "THE TIGER" or the organizer of victory

Part of Versailles treaty.that stated the creation of the League of Nation, Wilson's brainchild; The idea behind this is that everyone would be invested in everyone elses sovereignty.

the senatorial leader of the isolationist irreconcilables who absoltely opposed all American involvement in Europe

France and Clemenceau also wanted these to lands. they only got the latter for 15 years; France occupied them both for 15 years and took resources (the latter being a coal rich valley that became the object of the French american dispute at the Paris Peace Conference)

this assured France that Britain and the US would come to its aid if it were attacked by Germany, not passed by the Senate

Italy wanted this land. but wilson wanted it for Yugoslavia

this German territory along with Pacific Islands given to Japan; despite US and Chinese disapproval; Area that Wilson gave to Japan in order for them to still accept the League of Nations, told Chinese that he would liberate them at a later time.

League of notions, WIlson League, The treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, the United States, and other Allied Powers after World War I. It demanded that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland. It was resented by many Germans. blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.

Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations, Republicans who wanted no part with the League of Nations. They were a burden to the vote on the League of Nations and had a part in its failure to pass. isolationist senators, namely Borach and Hiram Johnson, who opposed any sort of league; aka "Battalion of Death"

the high point of Wilson's Presidential Tour for the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations, afterward collapsed and didn't meet with cabinet for 7 1/2 months

This part of the Versailles Treaty morally bound the US to aid any member of the League of Nations that experienced any external aggression.

Sen. Lodge accepts Treaty of Versailles but wants to "republicanize" it by adding in a bunch of reservations, 14 to be exact, safeguarding US under Monroe Doctrine to protect US sovereignty

wanted direct popular vote, Wilson's proposed method of appealing to the people on the topic of the treaty in the presidential campaign of 1920

republican nominated in 1920; Folksy Ohio senator whose 1920 presidential victory ended the last hopes for U.S. participation in the League of Nations

Where the senate bosses met in a "smoke filled" room and decided on Senator Warren Harding of Ohio

elected Vice President and succeeded as 30th President of the United States when Harding died in 1923

Democratic candidate of 1920 who, along with Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin Roosevelt, helped to keep the ideals of Wilson alive.

running mate with Democratic 1920 candidate James Cox

the freedom of a people to decide under what form of government they wish to live

the name for an attempt and desire to return to a pre-WWI lifestyle (Harding)

a system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all

Led by Vladimir Lenin it was the Russian communist party that took over the Russian goverment during WWI

Emperor of Germany during World War I

1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.

name given to farm workers who have to bend over all day in order to harvest crops

a labor union formed in 1966 to seek higher wages and better working conditions for mexican american farm workers in California.

highest ranking members of the French military

the president's use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public

(ARTICLE 231), 1.) formally blamed Germany 2.) charged Germany for $33 billion; article Germans MOST upset about, cause bitter feelings for WWII

Amount, in dollars, demanded of Germany as reparation for WWI.

The nations that dominated the Paris Peace Conference - namely, Britain, France, Italy, and the United States (Big Four)

Wilson's idealistic statement of American war aims in Jan. 1918 that inspired the Allies and demoralized the enemies

Socialist leader who won nearly a million votes as a presidential candidate while in federal prison for antiwar activities