(mental illness) is often seen as a failure of adaptation to the environment
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Failure analysis approach
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tries to understand mental illness by examining breakdowns in functioning
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Abnormal
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different from the norm
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Abnormal behavior may be psychologically disordered if it causes significant ____________.
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distress
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Dysfunction
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Impairs one's ability to get along in life
e.g., Intense fear of needles/drawing blood
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Diagnosis
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A name for a pattern of symptoms that are thought to indicate the presence of a disorder
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DSM-5
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-Groups disorders by category
-Checklist of observable symptoms for diagnoses
-Warns to "think organic" (rule out physical causes of symptoms first)
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comorbidity
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multiple disorders
Ex: depression and anxiety
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DSM Criticisms
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-Vulnerable to POLITICAL and SOCIAL influences
-Not all diagnoses meet criteria for validity(Mathematics Disorder)
-Not all criteria and decisions rules are based on scientific data
-High level of comorbidity
-Reliance on CATEGORICAL rather than dimensional model of psychopathology
*Either meet criteria for a disorder or you don't have a disorder
-Reluctance to change (cognitive misers)
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Personality Disorders
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Maladaptive patterns of behavior that have the ability to severely impact the way a person communicates and behaves in social situations
-Distrust of other people and/or systems
-Odd/unusual beliefs about the world (e.g., the government poisons us through phone lines)
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Borderline Personality Disorder
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Marked by unstable moods, behavior, and relationships
-Problems regulating emotions and thoughts
-Impulsive and reckless behavior
-Unstable relationships with other people
*Comorbidity with depression, anxiety, substance abuse, eating disorders, self-harm, suicidal behaviors, and completed suicides
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder
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-Marked by an obsession with self
-Grandiose beliefs about one's own abilities, skills, knowledge, status
-Desire to be treated as special; anger/aggression when not receiving admiration/praise
-Lack of empathy
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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Long-term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others
-Must meet diagnostic criteria for Conduct Disorder as a child
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Antisocial Personality Disorder Key Symptoms:
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Law breaking behavior
Impulsive behavior
Physical fights
Stealing/lying
Breaking and entering
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Avoidant Personality Disorder
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Avoidance of activities that involve significant interpersonal contact with others
-Preoccupied with being criticized or rejected in social situations
-Unlike social anxiety disorder, they tend to be alone and on their own forever
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Anxiety Disorders
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Defining feature:
Exaggeration of THREAT
Results in:
Distressing, persistent anxiety
May lead to:
Maladaptive, anxiety-reducing behaviors
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Defining Features:
-Excessive worries in many areas
-Continually tense and uneasy- even in the absence of any specific anxiety-provoking stimulus
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Social Anxiety Disorder
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Characterized by a fear of judgement/negative evaluations by others
Anxiety during:
-Social interactions
-Being observed
-Performance situations
Much more treatable than avoidant personality disorder through constant exposure
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Panic Disorder
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Defining Feature: Panic Attacks!
-Sudden, intense fear
-Frightening physiological symptoms
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Phobias
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Intense fear of a particular animal, object, or situation
Must result in dysfunction/impairment to be a diagnosable phobia
-Gets in the way of daily functioning
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
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Defining Features:
-Exposed to a traumatic event and reacted with intense fear, helplessness, or horror
Re-experience trauma through:
-Distressing recollections/dreams
-Feeling of reliving trauma
-Intense distress/physiological arousal when exposed to reminders
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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Defining Features:
-Obsessions: Recurrent and persistent distress-causing thoughts
-Compulsions: Repetitive behaviors driven by the obsession
Example of negative reinforcement
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Mood Disorders
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Psychological disorders characterized by lasting disturbance in mood
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Major Depressive Disorder
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Depressive episodes: Major changes in sleep patterns, weight level, and a loss of interest in pleasurable activities (anhedonia)
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Behavioral model
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sees depression resulting from a low rate of positive reinforcement in the environment
*Engage in pleasurable activities, even when you do not want to, to create positive reinforcers*
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Aaron Beck's cognitive model
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Negative thoughts lead to negative moods
-Cognitive triad: Depressed thinking stems from negative thoughts about Self, World, and Future.
Maladaptive interpretations
-Negative (depressogenic) schemas
Ex: if someone doesn't respond to me, they must not like me/I'm not worthy
Cognitive distortions (info processing errors)
-Depressogenic attributions
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Learned Helplessness
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tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can't control or feel we can't control
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Bipolar Disorder
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characterized as alternating between depression and mania
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Manic Episode
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-The opposite emotional extreme of depression
-Typically characterized by euphoria, grandiose self-esteem, and over-activity
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Suicide
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Major Depressive Disorder and bipolar disorder are at higher risk for suicide than most disorders
-More than 30,000 people die by suicide in US each year (11th leading cause of death)
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Interpersonal Theory of Suicide
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1. Perceived Burdensomeness
2. Thwarted Belongingness
3. Acquired Capability
Develops over time through experience of or exposure to painful/provocative events
Example: soldiers have become so used to being in danger of dying that it becomes less scary
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Schizophrenia
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Severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality.
-Symptoms: disturbances in attention, thinking, language, emotion, and relationships
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Delusions
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strongly held, fixed beliefs with no basis in reality
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Hallucination
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sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli
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Autism Spectrum Disorder
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-Deficits in social communication & social interaction
-Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities
-Present in early development
-Causes clinically significant impairment
-Not better explained by intellectual disability or global developmental delay
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
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Inattentive symptoms: Difficulty sustaining attention on tasks, Avoidance of activities that require mental effort, Forgetfulness, Disorganization
Hyperactive/Impulsive symptoms: Fidgetiness, Difficulty remaining seated, Difficulty playing quietly, waiting turn, Interrupts/intrudes
**Symptoms prior to age 12
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Diathesis-Stress Model
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Disorder onset results from a combination of one's Biological disposition + Stressful events -> disorder onset
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Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, is uncommon in society, and/or harms their ability to function in daily life, may indicate the presence of _____.
A) a mental disorder B) humors
C) stress syndrome D) adaptive behavior
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A
Explanation: Mental disorders are difficult to quantify, but these are several criteria that help identify behaviors and symptoms that may indicate the presence of such illnesses.
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Which of the following statements is true about the DSM-5?
A) It describes symptoms and includes information regarding the prevalence of specific disorders.
B) It contains 12 specific "classifications" of mental illnesses.
C) It is used to diagnose medical conditions that may have an impact on mental health.
D) It is used to diagnose all kinds of medical conditions.
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A
Explanation: The DSM-5 provides symptoms and discusses the frequency, or prevalence, with which specific illnesses occur.
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Darcy is sitting at her desk in her office one day when, without warning, her heart begins racing rapidly, she starts sweating profusely, and she is gripped with a terrifying fear that she is about to go crazy. She thinks she is having a heart attack. Nothing she is doing seems to have caused such an episode. Her symptoms most resemble _____.
A) a phobic disorder B) a panic attack
C) post-traumatic stress D) a compulsion
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B
Explanation: A panic attack is a sudden onset of extreme panic with physical symptoms.
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Major changes in sleep patterns, weight level, and a loss of interest in pleasurable activities, characterize
A) agoraphobia.
B) major depressive disorder.
C) schizophrenia.
D) social anxiety.
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B
Explanation: These symptoms are most indicative of a diagnosis of depression.
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Which of the following statements is true regarding suicide?
A) More men than women attempt suicide.
B) More women than men attempt suicide.
C) Depression is a better predictor of suicide than are feelings of hopelessness.
D) There is no relationship between age and attempting suicide.
answer
B
Explanation: While women attempt suicide more often than men, men complete the act of killing themselves more often than women.
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Believing that other people, or the government, is out to get you is one way in which sufferers of schizophrenia experience their
A) compulsions. B) delusions.
C) hallucinations. D) obsessions.
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B
Explanation: This is called a delusion of persecution, or a delusion of paranoia.
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The diathesis-stress model suggests that schizophrenia develops from
A) genetic influences entirely.
B) environmental influences entirely.
C) exposure to stress.
D) a combination of a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia and exposure to significant stressors in their life.
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D
Explanation: The diathesis-stress model suggests that there is a genetic proclivity to develop schizophrenia, but that life events must occur to elicit this illness.
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Dr. Brown has been invited to speak at a prestigious psychological conference on the topic of autism. He will talk on the current scientific knowledge regarding this disorder. What is a key point you would expect him to make based on the authors' discussion of the disorder in the chapter?
A) The apparent surge in diagnoses of autism is linked to important changes in diagnostic practices.
B) There is an autism epidemic, and psychologists have no real insights into the dramatic increase.
C) The dramatic increase in diagnoses of autism is directly related to the mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine.
D) The dramatic increase in autism diagnoses is a result of overdiagnosis rather than a real increase and epidemic.
answer
A
Explanation: As your authors point out, the extraordinary explosion of autism diagnoses suggests something other than a true epidemic. It is very likely that changes to diagnostic practices explain some of this increase in diagnoses.
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One criticism of the DSM noted by your author is that it adheres to a _____ model, which means that a person is seen as either having a mental disorder, or not having a mental disorder. There is little or no allowance for "degrees" of a disorder.
A) dimensional B) categorical
C) diathesis D) sociological
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B
Explanation: Some have argued that a dimensional approach, which would eliminate the "either/or" thinking of the current model, would be a better paradigm.
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During the day, Barb suffers from frequent, unwanted thoughts that she has left her front door unlocked, and recurrent images that all her belongings have been taken. These thoughts and images are what psychologists refer to as a(n)
A) compulsion. B) delusion.
C) hallucination. D) obsession.
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D
Explanation: An obsession is a persistent idea, thought, or impulse that is unwanted and provokes distressing anxiety.
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Which psychological disorder has the strongest evidence for a genetic link?
A) Antisocial personality disorder
B) Bipolar disorder
C) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) Schizophrenia
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B
Explanation: Bipolar disorder is almost certainly contributed to by genetic factors, to an extent greater than the other disorders listed.
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False beliefs held by a person who has no evidence to support such beliefs are known as _____.
A) delusions B) hallucinations
C) obsessions D) compulsions
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A
Explanation: This is the definition of a delusion, which can take on many different themes.
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Which of the following statements might someone with a biological perspective make about schizophrenia?
A) It is a result of an excess of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the corpus callosum.
B) Its symptoms are shaped by the processes of reinforcement and extinction.
C) It is the result of fatty plaques that build up in the amygdala, and this condition begins at birth.
D) It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects.
answer
D
Explanation: Someone with a biological perspective focuses on physiological causes.
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