Ch. 27 - Reproductive System

25 July 2022
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question
The stage called ovulation.
The stage called ovulation.
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E
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Vesicular (Graafian) follicle
Vesicular (Graafian) follicle
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C
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Primary follicles.
Primary follicles.
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B
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Primordial follicle.
Primordial follicle.
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A
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Corpus luteum.
Corpus luteum.
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D
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Mature follicle.
Mature follicle.
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C
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Where the fetus develops and grows.
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Uterus
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The release of oocyte from ovary.
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Ovulation
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External sac enclosing the testes
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Scrotum
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Erectile tissue in the male
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Corpora cavernosa
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Female homologue of the scrotum
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Labia majora
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T/F: It is necessary for the testes to be kept below body temperature.
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True
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T/F: The prostate atrophies as a man ages, and it usually causes no health problems
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False
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T/F: The hormone oxytocin combines with enzymes in semen to enhance sperm motility.
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False - relaxin?
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This encircle part of the urethra. It secrete milky, slightly acidic acid fluid. It plays a role in sperm activation.
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Prostate
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T/F: Spermatogenesis involves the process of meiosis and produces 4 gametes from 1 cell.
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True
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Testosterone is necessary for spermatogenesis. Testosterone is under the control of the hypothalamic hormone ________which is under negative feedback control.
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Gonadotropin releasing hormone
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The uterine wall is composed of several layers. Which layer consists of smooth muscle?
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Myometrium
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____________hormone stimulates testosterone synthesis, while __________ hormone stimulates androgen binding protein in men.
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Luteinizing; follicle stimulating.
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Which hormone stimulates ovulation?
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LH
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T/F: Oogenesis involves the process of meiosis and produces 1 ovum from 1 cell.
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True
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The prostate gland is a male gland and can cause problems later in life. What are the functions of the prostate gland?
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It produces 1/3 of semen volume. It produces prostate-specific antigen (PSA) enzymes (fibrinolysis, hyaluronidase, acid phosphatase) and milky fluid containing citrate.
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Male ejaculation is initiated by the __________ nervous system.
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sympathetic
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A portion of the _______ layer of the uterus is lost and regenerated each month.
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endometrium
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T/F: The corpus luteum is the remnant of the activated primordial follicle.
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True
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T/F: The uterine tubes are continuous with the ovaries.
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False
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The function of the scrotum is to regulate temperature of the testes by contraction and relaxation of 2 muscle. Which muscle is causes wrinkling of the scrotum and what type of muscle is this?
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Dartos muscle; smooth muscle
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T/F: The first round of meiosis is the same as mitosis.
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False
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Estrogen is synthesized from testosterone. Testosterone is under the control of the hypothalamic hormone _______ which is under negative feedback control.
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gonadotropin releasing hormone
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The____________ causes an erection in men by activating the production and secretion of ______________.
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Parasympathetic Nervous System; nitric oxide
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_________ hormone stimulates testosterone synthesis by the the cal cells in women while _________ hormone stimulates development of the ovum.
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luteinizing; follicle stimulating
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Haploid means to have_______.
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To have half the number of chromosomes
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Bands of skeletal muscles in the scrotum that elevate the testes are called what?
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Cremaster muscles
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T/F: When a couple is having difficulty conceiving a child, it is necessary to investigate the sperm of the male.
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True
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T/F: The amount of testosterone and sperm produced by the testes is dependent on the influence of FSH alone.
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False
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T/F: Ovarian follicles contain mature eggs.
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True
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T/F: Reproduction is not possible in males or females until one year after puberty has begun.
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false
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T/F: The smaller cell produced by oogenesis meiosis I, called the first polar body, is essentially a packet of discarded nuclear material.
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True
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T/F: A human egg or sperm contains 23 pairs of chromosomes
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True on test bank -- but isn't it false?
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T/F: The Pap smear is a test to detect cancerous changes in cells of the cervix.
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True
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T/F: The male urethra serves the urinary system only.
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False - conveys both urine and semen
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T/F: Both tetrads and crossovers are seen during meiosis.
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True
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T/F: Failure to attain erection is called impotence.
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True
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T/F: Ovulation occurs near the end of the ovarian cycle.
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False
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T/F: The corpus luteum secretes progesterone only.
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False
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T/F: The first sign of puberty in females is budding breasts.
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True
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T/F: The primary function of the testes is to produce testosterone.
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False - to produce sperm
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T/F: The stage in meiosis where chromosomal exchange takes place is telophase
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False - prophase
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T/F: The soft mucosal lining of the uterus is the endometrium.
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True
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T/F: A scrotal muscle that contracts in response to cold environmental temperature is the cremaster.
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True
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T/F: The secretions of the bulbourethral glands neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra and serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse.
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True
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T/F: The molecule that enhances the ability of testosterone to promote spermatogenesis is inhibin.
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False - inhibin is released when sperm count is high
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The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following is true about the role they play? A) They contract to allow ejaculation. B) They contract to push sperm along the ductus deferens. C) They are responsible for penile erection. D) They regulate the temperature of the testes.
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D) They regulate the temperature of the testes.
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The ability of sperm cells to move along the ductus deferens is due to ________. A) enzymatic activity B)hormonal action C) peristaltic contractions D) gravity
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C) peristaltic contractions
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The ability of a male to ejaculate is due to the action of ________. A) parasympathetic nerves B) luteinizing hormone C) the bulbospongiosus muscles D) the dartos muscle
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C) the bulbospongiosus muscles
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Which of the following glands are responsible for 60% of the synthesis of semen? A) the pituitary B) the prostate C) the bulbourethral glands D) the seminal vesicles
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D) the seminal vesicles
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Which of the following hormones controls the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins? A) testosterone B) GnRH C) LH D) FSH
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B) GnRH
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Development of male reproductive structures depends on which of the following events? A) that the female hormones are suppressed during pregnancy B) the suppression of inhibin C) that human gonadotropin be synthesized in the first week of the pregnancy D) secretion of male hormones prenatally and lasting into the first few months after birth
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D) secretion of male hormones prenatally and lasting into the first few months after birth
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The primary function of the uterus is to ________. A) receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized ovum B) synthesize female hormones C) protect the ovaries D) regulate the ovarian and menstrual cycles
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A) receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized ovum
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The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called the ________. A) fallopian tubes B) infundibula C) Graafian follicles D) fimbriae
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A) fallopian tubes
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If gametes were diploid like somatic cells, how many chromosomes would the zygote contain? A) twice the diploid number, and with every succeeding generation, the chromosome number would continue to double and normal development could not occur B) half the diploid number with no change in development C) triple the diploid number, and with every succeeding generation, the chromosome number would continue to triple and normal development would not occur D) There is no relationship between gametes and somatic cells.
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A) twice the diploid number, and with every succeeding generation, the chromosome number would continue to double and normal development could not occur
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Human egg and sperm are similar in that ________. A) they have the same number of chromosomes B) they have the same degree of motility C) about the same number of each is produced per month D) they are about the same size
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A) they have the same number of chromosomes
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The constancy of the chromosome number from one cell generation to the next is maintained through ________. A) DNA synthesis B) cytokinesis C) mitosis D) meiosis
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D) meiosis
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Fertilization generally occurs in the ________. A) fallopian tubes B) ovary C) vagina D) uterus
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A) fallopian tubes
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Spermiogenesis involves the ________. A) formation of four haploid cells from a spermatogonium B) formation of a functional sperm by the stripping away of superfluous cytoplasm C) sequence of events in the rete testis D) movement of sperm in the female genital tract
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B) formation of a functional sperm by the stripping away of superfluous cytoplasm
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Spermatogonia form spermatocytes by what process?
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Mitosis
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Spermatocytes form spermatids by what process?
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Meiosis
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This is when spermatids become sperm.
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Spermiogenesis
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When spermatic cells give rise to sperm.
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Spermatogenesis
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T/F: Testosterone is synthesized from cholesterol.
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True
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Age related decline in circulating testosterone
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Andropause
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A sequence of hormonal regulatory events involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and the testes
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the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis
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All of the following can be considered male secondary sex characteristics except the ________. A) increasing mass of the skeleton B) development of testes as opposed to ovaries C) lowering of the voice D) development of body hair
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B) development of testes as opposed to ovaries
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In humans, separation of the cells at the two-cell state following fertilization may lead to the production of twins, which in this case would be ________. A) identical B) fraternal C) of different sexes D) dizygotic
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A) identical
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Characteristics of the mature sperm include the ________. A) presence of Y chromosomes in approximately half the sperm B) absence of coiled mitochondria C) absence of an acrosome D) presence of two X chromosomes in approximately half the sperm
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A) presence of Y chromosomes in approximately half the sperm
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How do the testes respond to exposure to excessive body warmth? A) Excessive warmth is actually beneficial in that it speeds up the maturation of sperm. B) Excessive warmth has no effect on the testicles because of their location in the scrotum. C) They move away from the pelvic cavity. D) They move close to the pelvic cavity.
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C) They move away from the pelvic cavity.
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Effects of estrogen include ________. A) increased oiliness of the skin C) growth of the larynx B) deepening of the voice D) growth of the breasts at puberty
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D) growth of the breasts at puberty
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Secretion of progesterone stimulates ________. A) preparation of the mammary glands for lactation B) contraction of uterine muscles C) development of the female secondary sex characteristics D) secretory activity of the uterine myometrium
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A) preparation of the mammary glands for lactation
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Which of the following statements about sperm is not true? A) The sperm midpiece consists of mitochondria spiraled tightly around the contractile filaments of the tail. B) They contain very little cytoplasm or stored nutrients. C) The acrosome is produced by the Golgi apparatus and contains hydrolytic enzymes. D) They are sluggish in an alkaline environment.
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A) The sperm midpiece consists of mitochondria spiraled tightly around the contractile filaments of the tail.
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The cells that produce testosterone in the testis are called ________. A) sustentacular cells B) interstitial cells C) spermatogonia D) spermatocytes
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B) interstitial cells
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Interstitial endocrine (leydig) cells of the testes are located in soft tissue surrounding seminiferous tubules. These cells produce what?
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Produce androgens, such as testosterone, and secrete it into interstitial fluid.
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Myoid cells of the testes surround each seminiferous tubule. What do these smooth muscle-like cells do?
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They may squeeze sperm and testicular fluids out of the testes
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A sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs outside of the abdominopelvic cavity, containing paired testes.
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Scrotum
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Through what ducts are sperm delivered to the exterior?
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Epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and the urethra.
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What are the primary sex organs (gonads)? And what do they produce and secrete?
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Testes - sperm and androgens (testosterone) Ovaries - ova and estrogens and progesterone
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The male copulatory organ.
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Penis
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What are the 4 parts of a penis?
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1. spongy urethra 2. corpus spongiosum 3. corpora cavernosa 4. corpora cavernosa
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This happens when erectile tissue fills with blood, causing the penis to enlarge and become rigid. It is the expansion of the corpora cavernous.
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Erection
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What is erection initiated by?
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Sexual stimuli, touching and mechanical stimulation of penis, erotic sights, sounds, smells, emotion.
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Erection of the penis results from ________. A) parasympathetic activation of the bulbourethral glands B) a sympathetic reflex C) dilation of the veins in the penis D) a parasympathetic reflex
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D) a parasympathetic reflex
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Which is not a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle? A) vesicular follicle growth B) development of endometrial cells C) corpus luteum D) late in this phase, cervical mucus becomes thin and crystalline
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C) corpus luteum
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Which of the choices below is not a function of the vagina? A) is the birth canal B) serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte C) receives semen from the penis during sexual intercourse D) serves as a passageway for menstrual flow
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B) serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte
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What are the functions of the vagina?
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Functions as birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow, and organ of copulation
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This extends between the bladder and rectum from cervix to exterior.
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Vagina
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Select the correct statement about male sexual response. A) Erection is the result of vascular spaces in the erectile tissues filling with blood. B) Sympathetic impulses are responsible for causing penile arteriolar dilation, resulting in erection. C) Ejaculation is the result of parasympathetic stimulation. D) Expansion of the penile tissues results in dilation of the venous outflow.
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A) Erection is the result of vascular spaces in the erectile tissues filling with blood.
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Which of the choices below is not a function of testosterone? A) contributes to male sexual behavior and spermatogenesis B) stimulates the male pattern of development C) stimulates protein synthesis D) stimulates mammary gland development
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D) stimulates mammary gland development
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Which male hormone inhibits the secretion of FSH? A) ICSH B) inhibin C) testosterone D) ACTH
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B) inhibin
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During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle ________. A) LH reaches its highest levels C) estrogen reaches its highest levels B) the Graafian follicle forms D) progesterone levels are at their highest
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D) progesterone levels are at their highest
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Select the correct statement about the uterine cycle. A) The menstrual phase of the cycle is from day 1 to day 8. B) During the proliferative phase, levels of progesterone rise as the follicle begins to produce more hormone. C) If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo. D) During the secretory phase, estrogen levels are at their highest.
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C) If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo.
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Which of the following statements is true concerning the mammary glands of both males and females? A) Both sexes are equally prone to breast cancer. B) The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are actually part of the integumentary system. C) The only time hormones target breast tissue is during pregnancy and lactation. D) All lumps identified in breast tissue are malignant.
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B) The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are actually part of the integumentary system.
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Pigmented skin surrounding nipple.
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Areola
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These attach breast to underlying muscle.
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Suspensory ligaments
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t/f: Mammary glands contain lobules within the lobes that contain glandular alveoli that produce milk.
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True
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Normally menstruation occurs when ________. A) blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increase B) blood levels of FSH fall off C) the corpus luteum secretes estrogen D) blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease
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D) blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease
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The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that ________. A) the mature ovum is n, while the sperm is 2n B) in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell C) spermatogenesis involves mitosis and meiosis, but oogenesis involves meiosis only D) during spermatogenesis two more polar bodies are produced
answer
B) in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell
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Occasionally three polar bodies are found clinging to the mature ovum. One came from an unequal division of the ovum, but from where did the other two arise? A) There were originally four polar bodies and one disappeared. B) The first polar body has also divided to produce two polar bodies. C) What you really see are two polar bodies and the sperm that will fertilize the egg. D) One is an undeveloped primary oocyte that failed to mature.
answer
B) The first polar body has also divided to produce two polar bodies.
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Which of the following will occur after ovulation? A) The secretion of anterior pituitary gonadotropins is enhanced. B) The corpus luteum prepares to become a corpus albicans. C) The endometrium enters its secretory phase. D) The corpus luteum secretes estrogen only.
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C) The endometrium enters its secretory phase.
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Why doesn't semen enter the urinary bladder during ejaculation? A) The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes. B) There is no urge to urinate during sexual intercourse because of the suppression of LH by testosterone buildup in the blood. C) Ejaculation is a parasympathetic reflex resulting in no response by urinary contraction muscles. D) There is no common duct between the reproductive system and the urinary system.
answer
A) The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes.
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Spermatogenesis ________. A) is the process of releasing mature sperm cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule B) results in the formation of diploid cells C) involves a kind of cell division limited to the gametes D) uses mitosis to produce gamete cells
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C) involves a kind of cell division limited to the gametes
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Which hormone is absolutely necessary for ovulation to occur? A) FSH B) progesterone C) LH D) estrogen
answer
C) LH
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Select the correct statement about testosterone control. A) The pineal gland is believed to be the gland that exerts the most influence in testosterone control. B) FSH stimulates testicular production of testosterone. C) GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary. D) Inhibin and testosterone exert positive feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary.
answer
C) GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary.
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What are the steps of regulation of testosterone and spermatogenesis?
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1. hypothalamus releases GnRH 2. GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH 3. FAH causes sustentacular cells to release androgen-binding protein (ABP), which makes spermatogenic cell receptive to testosterone 4. LH stimulate interstitial cells to releases testosterone 5. Testosterone is the final trigger for spermatogenesis 6. Feedback inhibition on the hypothalamus and pituitary results from β€’ Rising levels of testosterone β€’ inhibin (released when sperm count is high)
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Which of the following is a correct statement about uterine tubes? A) The isthmus is the normal site of fertilization. B) The ampulla is the narrow constricted region. C) The mesometrium supports the uterine tubes along their entire length. D) The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary.
answer
D) The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary.
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These receive ovulated oocyte and are usual site of fertilization.
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Uterine or Fallopian tubes
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The constricted area of the uterine tubes, where the tube joins the uterus.
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Isthmus
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The distal end of the uterine tube, that curves around the ovary.
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Ampulla
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The distal expansion of the uterine tube near ovary. It creates a current to move oocyte into uterine tube
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Infundibulum
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What happens in an exotic pregnancy?
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Oocyte is fertilized in peritoneal cavity or distal uterine tube and begins developing there. Normally aborts naturally with substantial bleeding.
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What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?
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Spread of infection from reproductive tract to peritoneal cavity. May cause scare tissue and lead to infertility.
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Select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle. A) Rising levels of estrogen start follicle development. B) The follicle begins to secrete progesterone in response to estrogen stimulation. C) High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release. D) The LH surge stimulates further development of the secondary oocyte.
answer
C) High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release.
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Which of the following statements about spermatogenesis is not true? A) The secondary spermatocytes each form two spermatids. B) Each spermatid forms two sperm. C) The primary spermatocyte forms two secondary spermatocytes. D) The spermatogonium forms the primary spermatocyte.
answer
B) Each spermatid forms two sperm.
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A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would ________. A) be impotent (unable to have an erection) B) have impaired function of interstitial cells C) not develop secondary sex characteristics D) be sterile
answer
D) be sterile
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Which of the following statements about the female reproductive process is not true? A) The monthly discharge of the uterus (menses) is initiated by the decrease in secretion of female hormones. B) Rebuilding the endometrium is under the control of prolactin. C) Fertilization usually occurs in the fallopian tube. D) Ovulation usually occurs 14 days after the beginning of menses.
answer
B) Rebuilding the endometrium is under the control of prolactin.
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A low secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the normal male adult would cause ________. A) increased spermatogenesis B) excessive beard growth C) shrinkage of the anterior pituitary gland D) decreased testosterone secretion
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D) decreased testosterone secretion
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All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true except ________. A) estrogen is secreted by the developing follicle in the follicular phase of the cycle B) a decrease in the levels of ovarian hormones signals menstruation C) the corpus luteum is formed from the ruptured follicle after ovulation D) FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium
answer
D) FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium
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Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously? A) maximal steroid secretion by the corpus luteum and menstruation B) early follicular development and the secretory phase in the uterus C) regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion D) maximal LH secretion and menstruation
answer
C) regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion
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The duct system of the male reproductive system includes the ________. A) urethra B) ductus deferens C) epididymis D) corpus spongiosum
answer
D) corpus spongiosum
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An ovulating oocyte is actually activated by hormones about ________ days before ovulation. A) 85 B) 110 C) 28 D) 14
answer
B) 110
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Surgical cutting of the ductus deferens as a form of birth control is called a(n) ________
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Vasectomy
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The erectile tissue around the urethra is the corpus ________.
answer
Spongiosum
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The ________ cells of the testis nourish the newly formed sperm cells.
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Sustentacular
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A follicle with only a small antrum in it would be classified as a(n) ________ follicle.
answer
Secondary
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The small opening of the uterus that sperm would first enter is called the ________.
answer
external os
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The portion of the uterine endometrium that is not sloughed off every month is called the ________.
answer
stratum basalis
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What are some risk factors for developing breast cancer?
answer
Some of the risk factors for developing breast cancer are: (1) early onset of menses and late menopause; (2) first pregnancy late in life or no pregnancies at all; (3) familial history of breast cancer; (4) postmenopausal hormone replacement.
question
Breast cancer affects what cells?
answer
Epithelial cells of small ducts
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What is the name given to the female homologue to the penis?
answer
The female clitoris is homologous to the glans penis of the male. It is homologous in that it contains dorsal erectile columns and can become swollen with blood during tactile stimulation.
question
Describe the composition and functional roles of semen.
answer
Semen is a fluid mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions (prostate, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands). The liquid provides a transport medium for nutrients and contains chemicals that protect the sperm and facilitate their movements.
question
Explain the function of the myometrium and endometrium.
answer
The myometrium plays an active role during childbirth when it contracts rhythmically to force the baby out of the mother's body. The endometrium is the innermost lining of the uterus where the embryo implants and stays for the rest of its development.
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What is the purpose of the male bulbourethral gland?
answer
Because it releases its contents prior to ejaculation, its function is probably to neutralize the acids in the urethra.
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What is the physiological importance of the fact that the male testes descend to reside in the scrotal sac?
answer
The male testes descend into the scrotal sac so that a fairly constant intrascrotal temperature is maintained. Failure of the testes to descend results in sterility, because production of viable spermatozoa requires a temperature several degrees lower than normal body temperature.
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At what point is the sex of the embryo determined, and what determines it?
answer
Genetic sex is determined at the instant the genes of a sperm combine with those of an ovum. The determining factor is the sex chromosomes each gamete contains.
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The production of female gametes;; begins in fetal period.
answer
Oogenesis
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T/F: Primary oocytes develop in primordial follicles.
answer
True
question
T/F: Primary oocytes begin meiosis, but stall in prophase I
answer
True
question
Hallow, thick walled, muscular organ that functions to receive, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum.
answer
Uterus
question
What are risks of cervical cancer?
answer
Most common between ages 30 and 50.. can cause frequent cervical inflammation, STIs, or multiple pregnancies.
question
Ejection of oocyte from ripening follicle.
answer
Ovulation
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T/F: Corpus luteum develops from ruptured follicle after ovulation.
answer
True
question
Tiny saclike structures embedded in cortex
answer
Ovarian follicles
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What is an immature egg (oocyte) surrounded by?
answer
- follicle cells (if only one cell layer present) - granulose cells (if more than one layer present)
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Single layer of follicle cells plus oocyte.
answer
Primordial cell
question
Fully mature follicle is called what?
answer
Vesicular (astral or tertiary) follicle
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What does the female duct system include?
answer
uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
question
Each mitotic division of spermatogenesis produces what?
answer
Type A daughter cell - maintain the germ cell Type B daughter cell = move toward lumen and develop into primary spermatocytes
question
Sequence of events that produces sperm in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
answer
Spermatogenesis.
question
Parasympathetic nerves of penis release too little nitric oxide.
answer
Erectile dysfunction
question
What are possible causes of erectile dysfunction?
answer
Alcohol, drugs, hormones, blood vessel or nervous system problems, incompetent venous valves
question
This propels sperm from the epididymis to the urethra, passing through the inguinal canal, forming the ejaculatory duct.
answer
Ductus deferens