Chapter 28 Test

25 July 2022
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The gonads: are the male testes and female ovaries. secrete sex hormones. produce gametes. are dormant until puberty. All choices are correct.
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All choices are correct.
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Prior to puberty, the anterior pituitary does not release FSH and LH. True False
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True
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The primary target cells for GnRH are located in the: hypothalamus. gonads. anterior pituitary gland. adrenal gland. genitals.
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anterior pituitary gland.
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The anterior border to the perineum is the: anus. pubic symphysis. ischial tuberosity. bulbospongiosus muscle.
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pubic symphysis.
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A cell that contains 23 pairs of chromosomes is: polyploid. diploid. haploid. monoid.
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diploid.
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When the process of meiosis is complete, the result is: two daughter cells that are diploid. two daughter cells that are haploid. four daughter cells that are diploid. four daughter cells that are haploid.
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four daughter cells that are haploid.
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Meiosis I is a reductive division. True False
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True
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Which cord or sheet of connective tissue attaches to the ovary at the hilum? Suspensory ligament Ovarian ligament Mesovarium Broad ligament Round ligament
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Mesovarium
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Which is not correct regarding the ovaries? Each ovary has an outer cortex and an inner medulla. The ovaries are located lateral to the uterus. The ovarian artery and vein join the ovary at its hilum. The gametes develop from the ovarian germinal epithelium. The tunica albuginea is deep to the germinal epithelium.
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The gametes develop from the ovarian germinal epithelium.
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Which type of ovarian follicle contains a secondary oocyte? Secondary follicle Primary follicle Vesicular follicle Primordial follicle Polar follicle
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Vesicular follicle
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What structure forms from the remnants of the follicle following ovulation? Corona radiata Zona pellucida Corpus albicans Corpus luteum Antrum
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Corpus luteum
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Ovulation occurs when an oocyte is released from a ruptured _____ follicle. secondary primary vesicular primordial oogonial
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vesicular
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In a female infant, the ovaries contain: primordial oocytes within primordial follicles. primary oocytes within primordial follicles. primordial oocytes within secondary follicles. primary oocytes within corpora lutea. primordial oocytes within corpora albicans.
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primary oocytes within primordial follicles.
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How many secondary oocytes ultimately develop from each primary oocyte? 1 2 3 4 5
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1
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What is the correct order for the phases of the ovarian cycle, beginning with day 1? Luteal, follicular, ovulation Follicular, luteal, ovulation Follicular, ovulation, luteal Ovulation, follicular, luteal Ovulation, luteal, follicular
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Follicular, ovulation, luteal
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Ovulation is induced by a peak in the secretion of: inhibin. LH. ovulin. estrogen. progesterone.
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LH.
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Inhibin is secreted by: uterine lining cells, and it inhibits development of ovarian follicles. follicular cells, and it inhibits FSH production. the anterior pituitary, and it inhibits GnRH production. the posterior pituitary, and it inhibits ovulation. hypothalamic cells, and it inhibits LH production.
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follicular cells, and it inhibits FSH production.
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The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen. True False
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True
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Ovulation typically occurs on day 14 of the ovarian cycle, and the luteal phase occurs on days: 1-5. 6-14. 15-28. 8-18.
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15-28.
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FSH facilitates the development of a primary follicle, but estrogen released by a primary follicle inhibits production of GnRH, LH, and FSH. True False
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True
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Fimbriae: are extensions of the ovarian ligament. line the ampulla of the uterine tube. enclose the ovary at the time of ovulation. are sloughed off during menstruation. assist in the movement of sperm through the female reproductive tract.
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enclose the ovary at the time of ovulation.
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The normal site of fertilization is the: vagina. body of the uterus. fundus of the uterus. ampulla of the uterine tube. uterine part of the uterine tube.
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ampulla of the uterine tube.
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What is the correct order for the segments of the uterine tube, beginning at the ovary? Infundibulum - isthmus - ampulla - uterine part Uterine part - infundibulum - ampulla - isthmus Ampulla - infundibulum - uterine part - isthmus Infundibulum - ampulla - isthmus - uterine part Uterine part - isthmus - ampulla - infundibulum
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Infundibulum - ampulla - isthmus - uterine part
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Which is not a uterine function? Protection and support of developing embryo Usual site of fertilization Site of implantation Muscle contraction for labor and delivery Passageway for sperm
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Usual site of fertilization
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Which does not provide structural support for the uterus? Round ligament Transverse cervical ligament Uterosacral ligament Uterine ligament Urogenital diaphragm
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Uterine ligament
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The hymen is located: at the cervix. near the fundus of the uterus. at the superior end of the vagina. near the vaginal orifice. at the external urethral sphincter.
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near the vaginal orifice.
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Menarche is: the first four days of menstruation. a female's first menstrual cycle. the stage immediately preceding menopause. marked by a dramatic decline in androgen secretion. the final phase of the uterine cycle.
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a female's first menstrual cycle.
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Which layer of the uterine wall is sloughed off during menstruation? Perimetrium Basal layer of endometrium Myometrium Functional layer of endometrium Epimetrium
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Functional layer of endometrium
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The secretory phase of the uterine cycle coincides with: ovulation. the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. menstruation. the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. proliferation.
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the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.
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What is the correct order for the phases of the uterine cycle, beginning with day 1? Menstrual - proliferative - secretory Proliferative - secretory - menstrual Secretory - proliferative - menstrual Menstrual - secretory - proliferative Proliferative - menstrual - secretory
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Menstrual - proliferative - secretory
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Estrogen levels rise during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, and estrogen assists with the development of the dominant follicle. True False
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True
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Progesterone levels are highest during the ________ phase. menstrual proliferative follicular luteal ovulation
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luteal
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Which is not part of the vulva? Mons pubis Clitoris Labia majora Labia minora Vagina
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Vagina
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The posterior pituitary hormone that is crucial for milk ejection is: LH. GnRH. oxytocin. prolactin. progesterone.
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oxytocin.
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The function of the dartos and cremaster muscles is to: attach the penis to the body wall. produce erections. regulate the temperature of the testes. help the testes descend into the scrotum prior to birth. move sperm along the ductus deferens.
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regulate the temperature of the testes.
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Sperm are produced in the: rete testis. seminiferous tubules. epididymis. seminal vesicles. efferent ductules.
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seminiferous tubules.
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The interstitial cells in the testes: undergo mitosis to produce primary spermatocytes. support and protect the developing sperm cells. secrete testosterone. convert fructose to glucose to nourish the sperm. form the lining of the seminiferous tubules.
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secrete testosterone.
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Developing sperm cells are protected by a blood-testis barrier formed by: connective tissue septa. interstitial spaces. Leydig cells. sustentacular cells. leukocytes.
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sustentacular cells.
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Which is not true about spermatogenesis? The process includes two meiotic divisions. The final stage of the process is called spermiogenesis. Mature spermatozoa are haploid (n=23). Spermatogenesis begins at birth and continues throughout a man's life. The process takes place in the walls of the seminiferous tubules.
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Spermatogenesis begins at birth and continues throughout a man's life.
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The acrosome cap contains: testosterone. nutrients to sustain the sperm. enzymes to allow penetration into the oocyte. mitochondria to provide energy for movement. buffers to neutralize the acidity of the female reproductive tract.
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enzymes to allow penetration into the oocyte.
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How many spermatozoa ultimately develop from each primary spermatocyte? 1 2 3 4 5
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4
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In men, LH stimulates: hypothalamic cells to secrete GnRH. interstitial cells to secrete testosterone. anterior pituitary cells to secrete FSH. sustentacular cells to secrete testosterone. spermatogenic cells to secrete ABP.
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interstitial cells to secrete testosterone.
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Where are spermatozoa stored until they are fully mature? Epididymis Rete testis Ductus deferens Seminiferous tubules Efferent ductules
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Epididymis
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The rete testis: receives sperm from the seminiferous tubules. is the nerve plexus that supplies the testis. is a venous network that cools the arterial blood traveling to the testis. transports seminal fluid to the efferent ductules. is the site of spermiogenesis.
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receives sperm from the seminiferous tubules.
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The structures of the male reproductive tract are: a: ductus deferens b: urethra c: epididymis d: ejaculatory duct e: ampulla What is the order in which sperm passes through these structures from the testes to the penis? a, b, c, e, d c, a, e, d, b a, c, e, b, d c, a, b, d, e d, a, c, e, b
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c, a, e, d, b
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Which of the male accessory glands encircles the urethra? Seminal vesicle Bulbourethral gland Prostate gland Cowper's gland Urethral gland
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Prostate gland
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Which gland secretes a fluid containing fructose? Seminal vesicle Bulbourethral gland Vestibular gland Prostate gland Urethral gland
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Seminal vesicle
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Which of the following is not a component of seminal fluid? Prostaglandin Citric acid Mucous Seminalplasmin Calcium
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Calcium
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Which of these male reproductive structures is unpaired (meaning there is only one in the body)? Epididymis Bulbourethral gland Prostate gland Seminal vesicle Corpus cavernosum
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Prostate gland
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These tubuloalveolar glands produce a clear, viscous mucin that serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse. Seminal vesicles Prostate glands Bulbourethral glands Areolar glands
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Bulbourethral glands
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Which statement is accurate? Semen is composed of seminal fluid and sperm. Seminal fluid is composed of semen and sperm. Sperm are composed of seminal fluid within a cell membrane. The three ingredients of ejaculate are sperm, semen, and prostate-specific antigen.
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Semen is composed of seminal fluid and sperm.
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An erection of the penis is caused by: semen pressure from the testes and ductus deferens. muscle flexion of the penile muscles. increased secretions of lymph into the spongy tissue. blood filling the erectile bodies and compressing the veins. ejaculatory muscles.
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blood filling the erectile bodies and compressing the veins.
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The ___________ nervous system facilitates increased blood flow to the penis by facilitating local release of __________. sympathetic, nitric oxide sympathetic, norepinephrine parasympathetic, nitric oxide parasympathetic, norepinephrine somatic, acetylcholine
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parasympathetic, nitric oxide
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The clitoris is homologous to the penis. True False
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True
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Sperm begin to exhibit motility once they exit the seminiferous tubules. True False
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False
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An erection is the result of parasympathetic innervation, and ejaculation is the result of sympathetic innervation. True False
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True
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Put the stages of follicle development into the correct order, beginning with the earliest structure that develops. Vesicular follicle Corpus albicans Corpus luteum Primary follicle Secondary follicle Primordial follicle
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Primordial follicle, Primary follicle, Secondary follicle, Vesicular follicle, Corpus luteum, Corpus albicans
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What general components make up the reproductive systems in both females and males?
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Gonads, sex hormones, accessory reproductive organs
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What hormones begin to be secreted at puberty, and what are their general functions?
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GnRH, triggering FSH and LH. They signal the gonads to produce significant levels of sex hormones that start the processes of gamete and sexual maturation.
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What are the components of the urogenital triangles in females and males?
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Females: urethral and vaginal orifices Males: base of penis and scrotum Both: muscles surrounding the external genitalia
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How do sex chromosomes differ from autosomes?
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Sex chromosomes determine whether an individual is male or female. They have fewer genes coding for cellular functions.
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At the end of meiosis I, does a cell contain 23 chromosomes or 23 pairs of chromosomes?
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At this stage the cell contains 23 chromosomes, each consisting of two sister chromatids.
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What are the broad ligament and the suspensory ligament of an ovary?
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The broad ligament is a drape of peritoneum hanging over the uterus. The suspensory ligament of the ovary attaches to the lateral edge of each ovary and projects superolaterally to the pelvic wall.
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Which type of ovarian structure has many layers of granulosa cells surrounding the secondary oocyte and a very large antrum?
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Vesicular follicle
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What are the specific effects of FSH and LH on the ovarian cycle?
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Both stimulate follicular development. LH surge induces ovulation.
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What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle, and what main events occur in each phase?
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Follicular phase: Maturation of the vesicular follicle and development of secondary oocyte. Ovulation: Release of secondary oocyte from vesicular follicle. Luteal phase: Development of corpus luteum from ruptured follicle and hormone release from luteum.
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What are the four contiguous segments of the uterine tubes from the lateral margin?
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Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterine part
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What are three tunics of the uterus from outer to inner?
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Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
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What are the three phases of the uterine cycle, and what major events occur in each?
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Menstrual phase: sloughing of functional layer Proliferative phase: initial development of new functional layer of endometrium Secretory phase: increased vascularization and development of uterine glands
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What component of the external genitalia houses the urethral opening and the vaginal orifice?
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The vestibule
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What are the effects of prolactin and oxytocin on the female mammary gland?
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Prolactin stimulates the gland to grow and form more expanded and numerous alveoli. Oxytocin is responsible for milk ejection.
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What is the effect of heat to the dartos and cremaster muscles?
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Both muscles relax, allowing the testes to move inferiorly further away from the body
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What are the major cell types in the seminiferous tubules?
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Sustentacular cells (which support sperm) and dividing germ cells.
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Which sperm structure contains digestive enzymes that help penetrate the secondary oocyte during fertilization?
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Acrosome cap
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What is the sequence of ducts through which male gametes pass?
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Rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
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What are the various functions of seminal fluid?
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It provides nourishment for sperm, helps combat urinary tract infections, helps liquefy semen, helps protect the urethra and provide lubrication during intercourse, provides alkalinity to neutralize vaginal acidity.
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What cylindrical bodies are present within the penile shaft?
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Paired corpus cavernosum dorsolateral to corpus spongiosum ventrally in the midline
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How do parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation contribute to penile function during sexual arousal?
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Parasympathetic innervation is responsible for erection; sympathetic innervation is responsible for ejaculation.
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Which of the following is a function of the reproductive system? Check all that apply. Acid-base balance Electrolyte balance Fertilization Fluid balance Gamete production
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Gamete production, Fertilization
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Which of the following is the female gonad? Fallopian tube Ovary Ovum Uterus Vagina
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Ovary
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Which of the following is the male gonad? Ductus deferens Epididymis Penis Sperm Testis
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Testis
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The production of the following occurs in the testis in males. Gonadotropin releasing hormone Luteinizing hormone and testosterone Sperm Sperm and testosterone Testosterone
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Sperm and testosterone
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The production of the following occurs in the ovary in females. Estrogen Estrogen and progesterone Estrogen, progesterone, and ova Ova Progesterone
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Estrogen, progesterone, and ova
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The gamete produced in females is the ________.
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ova
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The gamete produced in males is the __________.
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sperm
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Synapsis occurs in which of the following phases of meiosis? Anaphase I Metaphase I Prophase I Telophase I
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Prophase I
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The process that introduces genetic variability in the genetic code is _______________.
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Synapsis
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In meiosis, two nuclear divisions result in a chromosome reduction from haploid to diploid. True False
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False {Two nuclear divisions result in a reduction from a diploid number (2n, or 46) to a haploid number (n, or 23).}
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Spermatogenesis yields four viable sperm, whereas oogenesis yields four viable ova. True False
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False (Spermatogenesis does yield four viable sperm, yet oogenesis yields only one viable ovum.)
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Which of the following phases of meiosis contains a haploid number of chromosomes? Check all that apply. Anaphase I Anaphase II Metaphase I Metaphase II Prophase I Prophase II Telophase I Telophase II
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Anaphase II, Metaphase II, Prophase II, Telophase II