Chapter 28

The reproductive system includes ANSWER: organs for copulation. gonads and external genitalia. ducts that receive and transport the gametes. accessory glands and organs that secrete fluids. All of the answers are correct.

The reproductive system ANSWER: transports gametes. produces gametes. nourishes gametes. stores gametes. All of the answers are correct.

Which of these is NOT a similarity between the male and female reproductive systems? ANSWER: Both secrete mucus. Both produce gametes. Both possess erectile tissue. Both will produce a fixed number of gametes.

Which of these characteristics is NOT shared by the male and female reproductive systems? ANSWER: the experience of orgasm ducts to receive and transport the gametes the presence of gonads All of the listed characteristics are shared by the male and female reproductive systems.

The organ that monitors and adjusts the composition of tubular fluid, recycles damaged spermatozoa, and is the site of sperm maturation is the ANSWER: seminal gland (seminal vesicle). rete testis. epididymis. prostate gland. ductus deferens.

The organ that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the ANSWER: seminal gland (seminal vesicle). epididymis. ductus deferens (vas deferens). corpus cavernosum. ejaculatory duct.

Straight tubules originate at the seminiferous tubules and form a network of passageways called the ANSWER: efferent ducts. epididymis. ductus deferens. rete testis. vas deferens.

The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the testis is called the ANSWER: median raphe. epididymis. spermatic cord. dartos. tunica albuginea.

Interstitial cells produce ANSWER: inhibin. sperm. testosterone. nutrients. androgen-binding protein.

The nurse cells of the seminiferous tubules do all of the following except ANSWER: maintain the blood-testis barrier. secrete androgen-binding protein. secrete inhibin. support spermiogenesis. secrete testosterone.

Sperm production occurs in the ANSWER: rete testis. ductus deferens. epididymis. seminal glands (seminal vesicles). seminiferous tubules.

Sperm develop from stem cells called ANSWER: secondary spermatocytes. spermatogonia. spermatozoa. primary spermatocytes. spermatids.

The organ that produces a secretion that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen is the ANSWER: corpus cavernosum. prostate gland. seminal gland (seminal vesicle). bulbourethral gland. preputial gland.

The organ that surrounds the urethra and produces an alkaline secretion is the ANSWER: bulbourethral gland. Bartholin's gland. preputial gland. prostate gland. seminal gland (seminal vesicle).

The small paired structures at the base of the penis that secrete a thick, alkaline mucus are the ANSWER: Bartholin glands. prostate glands. seminal vesicles. preputial glands. bulbo-urethral glands.

The special type of cell division required to produce gametes is called ANSWER: capacitation. maturation. meiosis. fertilization. mitosis.

The organ that delivers semen into the female reproductive tract is the ANSWER: penis. ejaculatory duct. urethra. corpus spongiosum. corpus cavernosum.

The paired erectile bodies in the penis are the ANSWER: membranous urethra. corpora cavernosa. penile urethra. prepuce. corpus spongiosum.

The erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra is the ANSWER: membranous urethra. corpus cavernosum. corpus spongiosum. penile urethra. glans penis.

The fold of skin that covers the glans penis is the ANSWER: ejaculatory duct. corpus cavernosum. penile urethra. prepuce. corpus spongiosum.

The pituitary hormone that stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone is ANSWER: ADH. ACTH. FSH. GH. LH.

Which of the following can be found inside the spermatic cord? ANSWER: lymphatic vessels blood vessels nerves ductus deferens All of the answers are correct.

Nurse cells ANSWER: secrete the hormone inhibin. form the blood-testis barrier. are found in the seminiferous tubules. coordinate spermatogenesis. All of the answers are correct.

The special type of cell division required to produce gametes is called ANSWER: maturation. capacitation. fertilization. meiosis. mitosis.

Spermatozoa are functionally matured within the ANSWER: rete testes. ductus deferens. seminal gland (seminal vesicle). epididymis. seminiferous tubules.

Crossing over occurs during ________ of meiosis ________. ANSWER: interphase; II interphase; I prophase; II metaphase; I prophase; I

Interstitial cells ANSWER: are located between seminiferous tubules. produce testosterone. are also called Leydig cells. respond to luteinizing hormone. All of the answers are correct.

The PSA test is used for diagnosis of ANSWER: prostate cancer. prostatitis. premature puberty. testicular cancer. penile cancer.

Testosterone is secreted by the ANSWER: suprarenal cortex. nurse cells. hypothalamus. interstitial cells. adenohypophysis.

A boy has a genetic mutation such that FSH is not produced, but LH is normal. After the boy grows to maturity, it is likely he will ANSWER: have impaired function of the interstitial cells. not develop secondary sex characteristics. be sterile. be impotent. produce large amounts of inhibin.

A male bodybuilder starts taking injections of testosterone (an anabolic steroid) on a daily basis. After three weeks, which of the following would you expect to observe? ANSWER: increased sex drive decreased levels of LH and FSH decreased levels of GnRH increased muscle mass All of the answers are correct.

The ________ is a layer of smooth muscle in the skin of the scrotal sac. ANSWER: rete testis dartos cremaster bulbourethral prepuce

The middle piece of the sperm contains the ________ in a spiral arrangement. ANSWER: mitochondria flagella chromosomes acrosome nucleosome

The ________ of a sperm contains the enzymes essential for fertilization. ANSWER: acrosome nucleosome flagellum neck nucleus

The most important androgen is ANSWER: testosterone. dihydrotestosterone. dehydroepiandrosterone. progesterone. androstenedione.

The ________ carries fluid from the seminal gland (seminal vesicle) through the prostate. ANSWER: rete vas deferens ejaculatory duct ductus deferens epididymis

The hormone that stimulates spermatogenesis in males is ANSWER: FSH. PTH. LH. MSH. GH.

The interstitial cells in the testes produce ANSWER: androstenedione. testosterone. growth hormone. dihydrotestosterone. progesterone.

The cremaster muscle can raise and lower the testes to regulate ANSWER: expansion. pH. temperature. size. erection.

Which of the following is NOT associated with cryptorchidism? ANSWER: Corrective surgery should be performed after puberty. The condition will usually correct itself within the first year. Inadequate levels of Müllerian-inhibiting factor during fetal development causes retention of ducts forming the uterine tubes, resulting in failure of testis descent. It occurs more often in premature babies

At what point in sperm production do you hypothesize that loss of the testis-blood barrier would have an immunological effect on sperm production? ANSWER: Spermatogonia would be attacked and destroyed by immune cells. Mature sperm that have undergone spermatogenesis would be attacked by immune cells and be destroyed. Mature sperm that have undergone spermiogenesis would be attacked by immune cells and be destroyed. Mature sperm that have undergone spermiation would be attacked by immune cells and be destroyed.

Which of the following is oldest type of cell present in the testis? ANSWER: secondary spermatocytes spermatids primary spermatocytes spermatogonia

What is the name of the skeletal muscle that can elevate the testes in response to decreased temperature? ANSWER: tunica muscularis cremaster dartos ischiocavernosus

Interstitial cells surrounding seminiferous tubules produce testosterone in response to __________. ANSWER: GnRH a high-protein diet and exercise FSH LH

The organ that transports the ovum to the uterus is the ANSWER: infundibulum. uterosacral ligament. uterine (Fallopian) tube. myometrium. vagina.

The thick muscular layer of the uterus is the ANSWER: endometrium. myometrium. sarcometrium. perimetrium. uterometrium.

Which of the following statements concerning oogenesis is false? ANSWER: Ova develop from stem cells called oogonia. About half the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty. By the time of their birth, girls have already lost about 80 percent of their oocytes. Oogenesis begins before birth. An ovum completes its last meiosis after it is fertilized.

The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers ANSWER: follicle maturation. menstruation. atresia. menopause. ovulation.

A rise in the blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone at the beginning of the ovarian cycle is responsible for ANSWER: ovulation. menopause. follicle maturation. atresia. menstruation.

During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, the ANSWER: fertilized ovum implants. functional zone of the endometrium is restored. old functional layer is sloughed off. endometrium finalizes the preparation for implantation. corpus luteum is forming.

During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, ANSWER: the corpus luteum is formed. endometrial glands enlarge. the fertilized ovum implants. progesterone levels are high. All of the answers are correct.

During the menses, ANSWER: a new uterine lining is formed. progesterone levels are high. the corpus luteum is most active. the old functional layer is sloughed off. secretory glands and blood vessels develop in the endometrium.

The uterine phase that develops because of a fall in progesterone levels is the ANSWER: proliferative phase. follicular phase. luteal phase. secretory phase. menses.

The pigmented skin that surrounds the nipple is the ANSWER: areola. zona pellucida. peripapilla. zona reticularis. fornix.

The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is ANSWER: estrogen. LH. FSH. progesterone. luteosterone.

Menstruation is triggered by a drop in the levels of ANSWER: FSH. progesterone. relaxin. LH. inhibin.

Which of the following is not an action of estrogen? ANSWER: stimulates bone growth mimics the symptoms of menopause initiates repair of the endometrium maintains accessory reproductive organs maintains female secondary sex characteristics

The granulosa cells of developing follicles secrete ANSWER: estradiol. GnRH. FSH. LH. progesterone.

The attachment of the ovary to the uterus is with the ANSWER: ovarian hilum. infundibulopelvic ligament. ovarian ligament. ovarian umbilical cord. tunica albuginea.

The portion of the uterine tube that ends in fingerlike fimbriae is the ANSWER: isthmus. distal segment. proximal segment. infundibulum. ampulla.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term round ligament? ANSWER: consists of stratum basalis and stratum functionalis After ovulation, the ovum is captured by it. supports the uterus laterally enters the inguinal canal thick layer of smooth muscle cells

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term myometrium? ANSWER: thick layer of smooth muscle cells consists of a functional zone and a basilar zone supports the uterus laterally supports the uterus anteriorly After ovulation, the ovum is captured by it.

Follicle-stimulating hormone ANSWER: is important only in females. stimulates ovulation. stimulates the thyroid follicles. stimulates maturation of primordial follicles in the ovary. All of the answers are correct.

A mature follicle releases an ovum in response to a surge in ANSWER: estrogen. progesterone. oxytocin. luteinizing hormone. follicle-stimulating hormone.

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest of the reproductive cancers because it ANSWER: is the most aggressive. is the most resistant to radiation therapy. is usually not diagnosed early. does not respond to any chemotherapy medications. affects the elderly population, which already has other health issues.

After ovulation, the ovary secretes ANSWER: estrogen. luteinizing hormone. progesterone. both estrogen and progesterone. luteinizing hormone, estrogen, and progesterone.

Which of the following statements about the menstrual cycle is true? ANSWER: It often involves painful myometrial contraction. It is ultimately controlled by GnRH. The first occurrence is termed menarche. It is skipped in pregnancy. All of the answers are correct.

The muscle layer of the uterus is the ANSWER: myometrium. neurometrium. endometrium. perimetrium. epimetrium.

The ________ is the inner lining of the uterus. ANSWER: endometrium exometrium epimetrium perimetrium myometrium

The painful condition that develops because epithelial tissue from the uterus is present in the peritoneal cavity is ANSWER: orchitis. ovarian cysts. endometriosis. lymphedema. peritonitis.

The fluid-filled cavity that appears in a secondary follicle is called the ANSWER: corpus albicans. corpus luteum. antrum. stroma. cortex.

Mammography, a procedure used for examining breast tissue, is based on ANSWER: CT. PET. MRI. X-rays. nuclear scanning.

The surgical procedure in which the entire breast is removed is called a ANSWER: lumpectomy. total mastectomy. ovarectomy. orchidctomy. biopsy.

Menstruation is the process of sloughing off the old functional layer of the ANSWER: epimetrium. exometrium. perimetrium. endometrium. myometrium.

The ________ is the endometrial layer that undergoes dramatic changes during the menstrual cycle. ANSWER: corpus albicans functional zone basal layer corpus letum stroma

The first menses is called the ANSWER: menarche. climacteric. emission. menopause.

The glands that produce mucus used as a lubricant during sexual intercourse are ________ glands. ANSWER: vulvular mons vestibular seminal bulbourethral

The secretion of the hormone __________ triggers __________. ANSWER: LH; ovulation FSH; menstruation FSH; ovulation LH; menstruation

During the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, progesterone secretion peaks and estrogen levels decrease. Along with these changes, there is a corresponding increase in a woman's basal body temperature. Which of the following hypotheses best explains this phenomenon? ANSWER: The luteal phase and progesterone secretion in the ovary correspond to the secretory phase of the uterine cycle. During this time, the endometrial lining proliferates. Along with this increase in thickness, more blood vessels are formed. The combination of lining and blood vessels increases overall body temperature. The corpus luteum, formed from the follicle that released the egg, matures. If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum breaks down and is reabsorbed. The process of breaking down the corpus luteum gives off heat energy that is translated into increased body temperature. It is not the increase in progesterone, but the decrease in estrogen that may signal an increase in overall body temperature. This is because the decrease in estrogen reduces the negative feedback signal to the hypothalamus, the thermoregulator for the body. The result is an increase in overall basal body temperature. Basal body temperature increase is a function of ovulation. Once the egg is released from the ovary, it signals an increase in body temperature to facilitate fertilization because sperm function more efficiently at higher temperatures.

Emission and ejaculation ANSWER: are responsible for propelling semen into the female reproductive tract. involve contractions of the bulbospongiosus muscle. occur under sympathetic stimulation. begin with peristaltic contractions of the ampulla. All of the answers are correct.

Contractions of the skeletal muscles of the pelvic floor result in ANSWER: emission. detumescence. impotence. ejaculation. erection.

Which of the following is a type of sexually transmitted disease? ANSWER: chlamydia AIDS gonorrhea genital herpes All of the answers are correct.

The subsidence of an erection after ejaculation is known as ANSWER: emission. ejaculation. detumescence. tumescence. menses.

Which of the following is directly responsible for an orgasm? ANSWER: spermiogenesis erection emission ejaculation menarche

Emission of semen depends on smooth muscle contraction in which of the following organs? ANSWER: ampulla seminal vesicle prostate Emission of semen requires smooth muscle contraction in all of the listed organs.

After menopause, the production of two pituitary hormones increases. One of these is ANSWER: prolactin. estrogen. LH. andostenedione. progesterone

The cessation of menstruation after no more developing follicles remain is called ANSWER: menses. detumescence. dysmenorrhea. amenorrhea. menopause

In the adult male, the gonads are the testes. What are the gonads for the adult female? ANSWER: clitoris ovaries uterus vagina

The doctor noted that Dan's epididymis on the left testis was located anteromedially, near the scrotal raphe, instead of the normal posterior location. Which of the following statements is NOT a function of the epididymis? ANSWER: It monitors and adjusts the composition of the fluid produced by the seminiferous tubules. It stores and functions in the functional maturation of spermatozoa. It serves as the site of spermatogenesis. It serves as a recycling center for damaged spermatozoa.

When the physician strokes Dan's inner left thigh, Dan's left testis does not retract toward his inguinal canal, indicating that his genitofemoral nerve was not functioning. Which structure is responsible for this reflex? ANSWER: tunica albuginea raphe dartos muscle cremaster muscle

What are the hormones secreted by the testes? ANSWER: estrogens gonadotropin-releasing hormone luteinizing hormone androgens

Which of these reproductive system hormones is MISMATCHED to its source? ANSWER: testosterone; posterior lobe of pituitary gland FSH; anterior lobe of pituitary gland inhibin; gonads LH; anterior lobe of pituitary gland

Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and produces ANSWER: four haploid cells. two haploid cells. two diploid cells. four diploid cells. eight haploid cells.

A cell preparing to undergo meiosis duplicates its chromosomes during ANSWER: anaphase I. prophase I. interphase. meiosis II. metaphase I.

During prophase I of meiosis, ANSWER: homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs. chromosome pairs are positioned in the middle of the cell. there are four haploid daughter cells. the homologous chromosomes separate and move towards opposite poles. there are two daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes.

The correct order of events during meiosis is ANSWER: prophase I, anaphase I, telophase I, metaphase I, meiosis II. metaphase I, prophase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II. prophase I, anaphase I, metaphase I, telophase I, meiosis II, cytokinesis. prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II. metaphase I, prophase I, telophase I, anaphase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II.

During meiosis, segments of nonsister chromatids can trade places. This recombination of maternal and paternal genetic material is a key feature of meiosis. During what phase of meiosis does recombination occur? ANSWER: prophase I. meiosis II. Metaphase I. telophase I. anaphase I.