Chapter 22

25 July 2022
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question
1. During the first meiotic division A. sperm and egg form. B. homologous chromosome pairs separate. C. homologous chromosome pairs join. D. the cell becomes diploid.
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B. homologous chromosome pairs separate.
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2. Meiosis is necessary because A. otherwise the fertilized ovum will have too much genetic material. B. otherwise the fertilized ovum will have too little genetic material. C. otherwise reproduction would have to be asexual. D. otherwise too many mutations will occur.
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A. otherwise the fertilized ovum will have too much genetic material.
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3. Identify the correct sequence for the steps of meiosis I. A. Interphase-mitosis-meiosis B. Telophase I-anaphase I-metaphase I-prophase I C. 46 chromosomes, 23 chromosomes, then 46 chromosomes D. Prophase I-metaphase I-anaphase I-telophase I
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D. Prophase I-metaphase I-anaphase I-telophase I
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4. Synapsis occurs during A. prophase I. B. metaphase I. C. anaphase I. D. telophase I.
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A. prophase I.
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5. The number of possible chromosome combinations in a gamete of a human is A. 800. B. 8,000. C. 80,000. D. 8 million.
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D. 8 million.
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6. The gubernaculum guides the testis through the ________ canal. A. penile B. pelvic C. inguinal D. seminiferous
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C. inguinal
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7. The epithelium of the seminiferous tubules consists of A. adipose cells and chondrocytes. B. spermatogenic cells and sustentacular cells. C. spermatogonia and spermatids. D. interstitial cells and sustentacular cells.
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B. spermatogenic cells and sustentacular cells.
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8. The number of sperm cells that form from a primary spermatocyte is A. 4. B. 16. C. 46. D. 100
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A. 4.
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9. The head of a sperm is mostly A. mitochondria. B. cell membrane. C. cytoskeleton. D. nucleus.
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D. nucleus.
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10. Which of the following structures is unpaired? A. Seminal vesicle B. Ductus deferens C. Bulbourethral gland D. Prostate gland
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D. Prostate gland
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11. The bulbourethral glands secrete A. sperm. B. a mucus-like fluid. C. blood. D. sweat
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B. a mucus-like fluid.
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12. Semen A. consists of sperm and secretions. B. is alkaline. C. includes prostaglandins and nutrients. D. is all of the above.
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D. is all of the above.
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13. The number of sperm cells in an ejaculate averages A. about 20 million per milliliter. B. about 20 million per millimeter. C. about 20 million per liter. D. about 120 million per milliliter.
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D. about 120 million per milliliter.
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14. A circumcision removes A. the glans penis. B. the tunica albuginea. C. the prepuce. D. the crura.
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C. the prepuce.
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15. Causes of erectile dysfunction include A. too much exercise. B. too much sex. C. not enough sex. D. underlying disease, such as diabetes mellitus.
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D. underlying disease, such as diabetes mellitus.
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16. The epididymis, coiled on the outer surface of the testis, becomes the A. penile urethra. B. rete testis. C. tunica albuginea. D. ductus deferens.
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D. ductus deferens
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17. The average length of the epididymis is A. 1 meter. B. 3 meters. C. 6 meters. D. 9 meters.
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C. 6 meters.
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18. The structure the sperm enters upon exiting the ductus deferens is the A. seminal vesicles. B. epididymis. C. ejaculatory duct. D. rete testis.
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C. ejaculatory duct.
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19. Sperm cells mature in the A. ductus deferentia. B. ejaculatory ducts. C. epididymides. D. seminal vesicles
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C. epididymides.
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20. Undifferentiated spermatogenic cells are called A. spermatogonia. B. primary spermatocytes. C. secondary spermatocytes. D. spermatids.
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A. spermatogonia.
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21. The last fluid expelled from the urethra during ejaculation comes from the A. testes. B. bulbourethral gland. C. prostate gland. D. seminal vesicles.
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D. seminal vesicles.
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22. The structure of a testis can be described as composed of A. about 250 lobules, each of which contains 1 to 4 seminiferous tubules. B. 1 to 4 lobules, each of which contains about 250 seminiferous tubules. C. semen in various stages of development held in seminiferous tubules. D. a single very long seminiferous tubule that winds through the structure.
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A. about 250 lobules, each of which contains 1 to 4 seminiferous tubules.
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23. Which of the following correctly describes an erection? A. Smooth muscles of vascular spaces in the penis contract. B. Parasympathetic impulses constrict arteries leading to the penis. C. Parasympathetic neurons release nitric oxide causing dilation of small arteries in the penis. D. The spongy tissue in the penis fills with air.
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C. Parasympathetic neurons release nitric oxide causing dilation of small arteries in the penis.
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24. The epididymis is a _____ and it _____. A. compartment inside a testis; secretes testosterone and forms sperm B. stage of spermatogenesis; forms two sperm cells and semen C. tightly coiled tube on the outside of the testis; is the location for sperm maturation D. compartment that contains seminiferous tubules; ejaculates sperm
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C. tightly coiled tube on the outside of the testis; is the location for sperm maturation
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25. Male reproductive functions are controlled mainly by hormones from the hypothalamus, and A. posterior pituitary and adrenal glands. B. anterior pituitary and adrenal glands. C. posterior pituitary gland and testes. D. anterior pituitary gland and testes.
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D. anterior pituitary gland and testes.
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26. The hormone responsible for the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics is A. LH. B. FSH. C. testosterone. D. gonadotropin-releasing hormone
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C. testosterone.
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27. Male secondary sex characterisitics include A. thickening of the bones. B. increased muscular growth. C. increased growth of body hair. D. all of the above.
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D. all of the above.
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28. The interstitial cells of the testes produce A. seminal fluid. B. spermatogenic cells. C. sperm cells. D. androgens.
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D. androgens.
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29. The level of testosterone in the blood is increased by A. a high level of testosterone stimulating the hypothalamus. B. the hypothalamus stimulating the testes to release LH. C. LH causing the interstitial cells to release testosterone. D. a high level of testosterone stimulating the testes to release more LH.
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C. LH causing the interstitial cells to release testosterone.
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30. The tubular part of the uterus that extends downward into the upper vagina is the A. fundus. B. cervix. C. perimetrium. D. endometrium.
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B. cervix.
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31. The egg, or ovum, is more correctly called A. a primary oocyte. B. a secondary oocyte. C. an oogonium. D. a zygote.
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B. a secondary oocyte.
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32. A Pap smear is used to detect abnormal cells in the A. urethra. B. ovary. C. cervix. D. vagina.
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C. cervix.
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33. The zona pellucida consists of A. glycoprotein. B. adipose tissue. C. epithelium. D. nucleic acid.
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A. glycoprotein.
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34. The dimensions of a uterine tube are A. 5 centimeters in diameter and about 20 centimeters long. B. 2 centimeters in diameter and about 30 centimeters long. C. 10 centimeters in diameter and about 40 centimeters long. D. 0.7 centimeters in diameter and about 10 centimeters long.
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D. 0.7 centimeters in diameter and about 10 centimeters long.
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35. Fertilization normally occurs in the A. peritoneal cavity. B. uterine tube. C. uterus. D. vagina.
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B. uterine tube.
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36. Which of the following terms is/are correctly defined? A. Ovulation-rupture of an ovarian follicle and release of a secondary oocyte and first polar body B. Vestibule-space enclosed by the labia minora C. Orgasm-pleasurable sense of physiological and psychological release D. All of the above
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D. All of the above
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37. The inner mucosal layer of the uterine wall is the A. endometrium. B. myometrium. C. perimetrium. D. epimetrium.
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A. endometrium.
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38. The first step in oogenesis is a A. secondary oocyte divides to form a polar body and an egg cell. B. primary oocyte divides to form a secondary oocyte and a first polar body. C. follicle becomes a corpus luteum. D. corpus luteum becomes a corpus albicans.
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B. primary oocyte divides to form a secondary oocyte and a first polar body.
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39. The female structure that corresponds to the male penis is the A. vagina. B. clitoris. C. vestibule. D. labia minora
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B. clitoris.
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40. In females, which structure is immediately anterior to the vagina? A. Uterus B. Urethra C. Rectum D. Pubis symphysis
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B. Urethra
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41. Menopause is due to aging of the A. ovaries. B. vagina. C. cervix. D. uterine tubules
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A. ovaries.
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42. The hormone mainly responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics is A. estrogen. B. progesterone. C. androgen. D. luteinizing hormone.
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A. estrogen.
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43. About the time of ovulation, the anterior pituitary gland releases a surge of A. estrogen. B. progesterone. C. LH. D. androgen
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C. LH.
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44. Lulu is 53 and has not had her menstrual period in a year. Several times a day, she feels a tingling in her upper chest, and then heat washes over her, in an upwards direction. It is intensely uncomfortable for about 5 minutes, during which she is nearly overwhelmed with an urge to fling off her clothing. The cause of Lulu's hot flashes is A. an increase in gonadotropin concentration and a decrease in estrogen concentration. B. an increase in gonadotropin concentration and an increase in estrogen concentration. C. a decrease in gonadotropin concentration and an increase in estrogen concentration. D. a decrease in gonadotropin concentration and a decrease in estrogen concentration
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A. an increase in gonadotropin concentration and a decrease in estrogen concentration.
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45. Signs of menopause include A. increased concentrations of estrogens. B. inexplicable euphoria, extra energy, weight loss. C. shrinking of the vagina, uterus, and breasts. D. increased bone matrix.
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C. shrinking of the vagina, uterus, and breasts.
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46. Compared to males who train for endurance events, females who train for such events typically A. maintain a lower percentage of body fat. B. maintain a higher percentage of body fat. C. develop a higher percentage of muscle tissue because of testosterone. D. develop a higher percentage of muscle tissue because of estrogen.
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B. maintain a higher percentage of body fat.
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47. Judy runs 50 miles a week. She and her husband have been trying to conceive for three years, with no luck. Her disturbed reproductive cycles and infertility are due to A. increased secretion of adrenal androgens. B. decreased secretion of adrenal androgens. C. increased synthesis of estrogens. D. decreased synthesis of estrogens.
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D. decreased synthesis of estrogens.
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48. In the reproductive cycle, estrogen _____, whereas progesterone _____. A. stimulates erection of the clitoris; stimulates the uterine lining to become glandular B. ejects milk from the mammary glands; stimulates milk secretion C. stimulates uterine wall development; stimulates the uterine lining to become more glandular D. inhibits the release of FSH; stimulates the release of FSH
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C. stimulates uterine wall development; stimulates the uterine lining to become more glandular
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49. A woman going through menopause may take ______ to minimize the symptoms. A. gonadotropin releasing hormone B. hormone replacement therapy C. follicle stimulating hormone D. progesterone releasing hormone
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B. hormone replacement therapy
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50. A mammary gland contains ____ lobes. A. paired B. three C. ten D. fifteen to twenty
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D. fifteen to twenty
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51. The glands in a lobe of a breast A. drain into alveolar ducts, which drain into a lactiferous duct that leads to the nipple. B. lead directly to a nipple. C. drain into a lactiferous duct which drains into an alveolar duct that leads to the nipple. D. are separated by muscle tissue.
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A. drain into alveolar ducts, which drain into a lactiferous duct that leads to the nipple.
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52. The most commonly used oral contraceptives contain A. synthetic estrogen and progesterone. B. synthetic androgen. C. gonadotropins. D. FSH and LH.
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A. synthetic estrogen and progesterone.
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53. Which of the following is (are) forms of contraception? A. Rhythm method B. Chemical barriers C. Intrauterine device D. All of the above
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D. All of the above
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54. Which of the following provides mechanical contraception? A. the rhythm method. B. the minipill. C. combined hormone contraceptives. D. a diaphragm
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D. a diaphragm
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55. Oral contraceptives may cause A. increased skin pigmentation. B. breast tenderness. C. fluid retention. D. all of the above.
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D. all of the above.
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56. Possible problems from donating eggs include A. psychological difficulties from wondering about the fate of the eggs. B. infertility. C. ovary scarring. D. all of the above
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D. all of the above
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57. The prostate gland is the size and shape of a A. horseshoe. B. pea. C. walnut or chestnut. D. apple.
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C. walnut or chestnut.
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58. Factors that may suggest prostate cancer include A. cellular changes observed in a biopsy sample. B. elevated PSA level in the blood. C. enlargement of the prostate gland. D. all of the above.
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D. all of the above.
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59. Undescended testes cause infertility because A. sperm development is impeded by the higher internal body temperature. B. there is too little testosterone. C. they undergo apoptosis, and can no longer produce sperm. D. they become entangled in the seminiferous tubules, which then degenerate
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A. sperm development is impeded by the higher internal body temperature.
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60. A cause of female infertility is failure of ovulation due to hyposecretion of hormones from the A. anterior pituitary gland. B. posterior pituitary gland. C. adrenal gland. D. ovary.
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A. anterior pituitary gland.
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61. In endometriosis, A. tissue resembling the inner uterine lining grows in the thoracic cavity. B. tissue resembling the inner uterine lining grows in the abdominal cavity. C. the inner uterine lining tissue no longer grows during the woman's reproductive cycles. D. a new mother becomes extremely depressed
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B. tissue resembling the inner uterine lining grows in the abdominal cavity
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62. A hysterosalpinogram measures or shows A. the intensity of a woman's orgasm. B. the number of uterine tubes. C. whether or not a uterine tube is open. D. whether there is anything growing in the uterus.
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C. whether or not a uterine tube is open.
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63. Tamoxifen and raloxifene act by A. blocking estrogen receptors. B. activating progesterone receptors. C. breaking up cancer cell DNA. D. depriving cancer cell of growth factors.
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A. blocking estrogen receptors.
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64. "You can't possibly have breast cancer," said Jim to his roommate Eliot, who was distraught after a visit to a doctor. "You're a man!" "No, Jim. A certain percentage of breast cancer cases are in men." That percentage is A. 0.5 B. 0.75 C. 1.0 D. 10
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C. 1.0
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65. The cells that result from meiosis are diploid. True False
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False
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66. Chromosomes align down the center of a cell undergoing meiosis in metaphase. True False
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True
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67. The testes originate from tissues posterior to the parietal pleura. True False
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False
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68. The spermatogenic cells that line the seminiferous tubules produce sperm. True False
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True
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69. The secretions of the prostate gland neutralize the acid in semen. True False
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True
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70. Each epididymis emerges from the bottom of a testis. True False
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False
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71. The ductus deferentia are muscular tubes, each about 25 centimeters long. True False
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False
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72. Capacitation makes sperm tails whip more quickly. True False
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False
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73. A positive feedback system regulates testosterone production. True False
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False
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74. Measles can inflame the testes, impairing fertility by destroying cells in the seminiferous tubules. True False
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False
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75. Gonadotropins include FSH and LH. True False
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True
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76. The primary organs of the female reproductive system are the uterus and vagina. True False
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False
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77. Primary oocyte production begins before birth. True False
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True
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78. Ciliary action aids movement of an egg through a uterine tube. True False
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True
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79. The structures of the female reproductive system that surround the openings to the urethra and vagina comprise the mons pubis. True False
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False
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80. As many as twenty primary ovarian follicles may reach maturity simultaneously. True False
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False
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81. The broad, suspensory, and ovarian ligaments hold an ovary in position. True False
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True
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82. FSH stimulates a primordial follicle to start maturing. True False
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True
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83. An increase in the level of FSH at approximately day 14 causes ovulation. True False
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False
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84. Endometriosis can result in the formation of fibrous tissue around the ovaries and can prevent ovulation or obstruct the uterine tubes. True False
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True