ScienceBiologyCellular Respiration example #40409
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Cellular Respiration

Jax Wilson avatar Jax Wilson
12 September 2022
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cellular respiration
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the process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds
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photosynthesis
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the process in which autotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy
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which types of organisms undergo cellular respiration
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both autotrophs and heterotrophs
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what happens when organic compounds are broken down into simpler compounds
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energy is released
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what is the energy released by the organic compound mostly used to do
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produce ATP
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the products of cellular respiration (3)
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CO2, water, and ATP
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two stages of cellular respiration
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glycolysis and aerobic respiration
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glycolysis
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a biochemical pathway in which one six-carbon molecule of glucose is oxidized to produce two three-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid
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how photosynthesis and cellular respiration depend on each other
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the products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration, and the reactants of photosynthesis are the products of cellular respiration
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anaerobic
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does not require the presence of oxygen
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aerobic respiration
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pyruvic acid is broken down and NADH is used to make lots of ATP
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what pyruvic acid undergoes with no oxygen present
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fermentation
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fermentation
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the breakdown of pyruvic acid by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen
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type of reaction in cellular respiration
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redox
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redox reaction
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one reactant loses electrons and another gains electrons
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cellular respiration equation
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C6H12O6+6O2---> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP
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where the reactions of glycolysis take place
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cytosol
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step one glycolysis
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two phosphate groups are attached to one molecule of glucose, ATP converted to ADP
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step two glycolysis
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6-carbon molecule split into two 3-carbon molecules of G3P
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step three glycolysis
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G3P molecules lose electrons and receive another phosphate group, two molecules of NAD+ converted into NADH
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step four glycolysis
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all phosphate groups are removed from the molecule to make two molecules of pyruvic acid, the four released phosphates convert four ADP to four ATP
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net yield of ATP in glycolysis
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2 ATP
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total ATP produced in glycolysis
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4 ATP
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how many NADH molecules produced in glycolysis
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2 NADH
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how NAD+ becomes NADH
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electrons released through glycolysis attach to NAD+
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where pyruvic acid goes if there's no oxygen
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fermentation
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what fermentation regenerates
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NAD+
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what fermentation does not produce
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ATP
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how various fermentation pathways differ (2)
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enzymes and products
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the two common fermentation pathways products
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lactic acid and ethyl alcohol
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lactic acid fermentation
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pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid
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what is used to make lactic acid
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one hydrogen atom from NADH and one free hydrogen proton
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what happens to NADH in lactic acid fermentation
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it is oxidized and converted to NAD+
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type of reaction that occurs in muscles during strenuous exercise
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lactic acid fermentation
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organ where lactic acid is converted back into pyruvic acid
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liver
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the liver
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where lactic acid is converted back into pyruvic acid
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how many carbons in lactic acid
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3
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alcoholic fermentation
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pyruvic acid is converted into ethyl alcohol
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organisms that use alcoholic fermentation
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plant cells and unicellular organisms
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process of alcoholic fermentation (2 steps)
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CO2 is removed from pyruvic acid, two hydrogen atoms added
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what is regenerated in alcoholic fermentation
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NAD+
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one kilocalorie=? calories
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1000
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efficiency of glycolysis=
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energy required to make ATP/energy released by oxidation of glucose
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where pyruvic acid goes when oxygen is available
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aerobic respiration
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aerobic respiration produces ?x as much ATP as glycolysis
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20
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two stages of aerobic respiration
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the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain
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chemiosmosis
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process by which ATP is made using the energy released as protons move across a memrbrane
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as glucose is oxidized NAD+ is...
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converted into NADH
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the Krebs cycle, function
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breaks down acetyl CoA
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where the Krebs cycle takes place (eukaryotes)
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the mitochondria
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where the Krebs cycle takes place (prokaryotic)
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None
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mitochondrial matrix
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the space inside the inner and outer membranes of a mitochondrion
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what the mitochondrial matrix contains
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enzymes to catalyze the reactions of the Krebs cycle
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in the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvic acid reacts with ? to form ?, and releases a ?
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CoA, acetyl CoA, CO2 molecule
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products of the Krebs cycle (3)
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CO2, hydrogen atoms, and ATP
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final electron acceptor of ETC
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oxygen
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efficiency of cellular respiration=
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energy required to make ATP/energy released by oxidation of glucose