Mastering BIO 181 Ch. 9 Cellular Respiration

In eukaryotes, the components of the electron transport chain are located in the ____. A. inner mitochondrial membrane B. outer mitochondrial membrane C. mitochondrial matrix D. cell membrane

Which of the following statements about cellular metabolism is FALSE? A. Glycolysis is inhibited when cellular energy levels are abundant. B. Citric acid cycle activity is dependent solely on availability of substrate; otherwise it is unregulated. C. In the electron transport chain, electrons decrease in energy level as they are transferred from one electron carrier to the next. D. Reactions of the citric acid cycle take place in the mitochondrial matrix.

During pyruvate processing, two carbons from pyruvate combine with ____. A. carbon dioxide B. NAD+ C. coenzyme A D. ADP

View image @: https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100521/2/0905q.jpg What process occurs in Box A? A. electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation B. oxidative phosphorylation C. the citric acid cycle D. glycolysis E. electron transport

View image @: https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100521/2/0905q.jpg What process occurs within Box B? A. photophosphorylation B. the citric acid cycle C. oxidative phosphorylation D. glycolysis E. electron transport

View image @: https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100521/2/0905q.jpg What molecule is indicated by the letter D? A. oxygen B. glucose C. pyruvate D. ATP E. water

Even though plants cells photosynthesize, they still use their mitochondria for oxidation of pyruvate. This will occur in _____. A. nonphotosynthesizing cells only B. photosynthesizing cells in the light and in other tissues in the dark C. all cells all the time D. photosynthetic cells in the light, while photosynthesis occurs concurrently E. cells that are storing glucose only

What do they have in common? A. Both processes occur under the action of ATP synthase. B. Both processes produce ATP from ADP and Pi. C. Both processes occur in the matrix of mitochondria. D. Both processes produce NADPH from NADH and Pi.

What are their differences? Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins. BINS: Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation OPTIONS: 1. Occurs when enzymes remove a high-energy phosphate from a substrate and directly transfer it to ADP 2. Occur under the action of pyruvate kinase and phosphoglycerate kinase 3. Occurs when electrons move through an ETC and produce a proton-motive force that drives ATP synthase 4. Occurs under the action of ATP

After the four steps of cellular respiration, where is most of the energy stored? A. in the form of ATP B. in the form of FADH2 C. in the form of NADH D. in the electron transport chain

Suppose a drug were added to mitochondria that allowed protons to freely pass through the inner membrane. Which of the following mitochondrial activities would most likely be inhibited? A. oxidative phosphorylation B. the electron transport chain C. substrate-level phosphorylation D. the citric acid cycle

Canine phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiency afflicts Springer spaniels, affecting an estimated 10% of the breed. Given its critical role in glycolysis, one implication of the genetic defect resulting in PFK deficiency in dogs is _____. A. a reduced life span B. early embryonic mortality C. elevated blood-glucose levels in the dog's blood D. an intolerance for exercise

View Figure @: https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1739433/1/0213.jpg Which of the following most accurately describes what is happening along the electron transport chain in the accompanying figure? A. Energy of the electrons increases at each step of the process. B. Each electron carrier alternates between being reduced and being oxidized. C. ATP is generated at each step of the process. D. Molecules in the chain give up some of their potential energy. E. Electrons are transferred to ADP to generate ATP at each step in the process.

What purpose does fermentation serve? A. It regenerates NAD+ from NADH to keep glycolysis going in the absence of oxygen. B. It allows for the production of NADH, which keeps the electron transport chain going. C. It produces an abundance of ATP when oxygen is present. D. Under aerobic conditions, it drives the formation of acetyl CoA, which then feeds into the citric acid cycle.

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis? A. 5 B. 3 C. 2 D. 4 E. 1

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____. A. photophosphorylation B. photosynthesis C. oxidative phosphorylation D. substrate-level phosphorylation E. cellular respiration

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis? A. NADH B. pyruvate C. ATP D. FADH2

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation? A. FADH2 B. ATP C. NADPH D. ADP E. hexokinase

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP. A. 3 B. 2 C. 5 D. 4 E. 1

Make a flowchart indicating the relationships among the four steps of cellular respiration. Label the diagram by dragging the labels to the appropriate targets. Note: not all labels will be used.

Which steps are responsible for glucose oxidation? Check all that apply. (_) ETC and chemiosmosis (_) Glycolysis (_) Citric acid cycle (_) Pyruvate processing

Which produce the most NADH? A. Glycolysis B. ETC and chemiosmosis C. Pyruvate processing D. Citric acid cycle

Starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are _____. A. 2 FADH2, 2 pyruvate, and 4 ATP B. 6 CO2, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP C. 6 CO2, 2 pyruvate, and 30 ATP D. 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP E. 2 NAD+, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP

During cellular respiration ____. A. glucose is oxidized and there is net hydrolysis of ATP B. glucose is reduced and there is net hydrolysis of ATP C. glucose is oxidized and there is net production of ATP D. glucose is reduced and there is net production of ATP

In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____. A. carbon dioxide, ethanol, and NAD+ B. pyruvate C. lactate and NAD+ D. carbon dioxide, ethanol, NADH, and ATP E. lactate, NADH, and ATP

In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized. A. pyruvate ... NADH B. lactate ... NADH C. NADH ... lactate D. lactate ... ethanol E. NAD+ ... pyruvate

What molecule is produced in the citric acid cycle as a by-product of glucose oxidation and is considered a waste product? A. carbon dioxide B. FADH2 C. ATP D. NADH

What does the chemiosmotic hypothesis claim? A. Electron transport chains generate ATP indirectly, by the creation of a proton-motive force. B. Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in the electron transport chain. C. Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. D. The electron transport chain is located in the inner membrane of mitochondria.

View image @: https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1616454/1/9.13.jpg Based on the data in Figure 9.13, which of the energy-storing molecules produced during glucose oxidation is expected to carry the highest amount of chemical energy? A. NADH B. ATP C. GTP D. FADH2

When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, which of the following changes occurs? A. ATP synthase pumps protons by active transport. B. The pH of the matrix increases. C. NAD+ is oxidized. D. The electrons gain free energy. E. The cytochromes phosphorylate ADP to form ATP.

Which of these enters the citric acid cycle? A. acetyl CoA B. glucose C. G3P D. pyruvate E. NADH + H+

In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____. A. oxidative phosphorylation B. substrate-level phosphorylation C. photophosphorylation D. photosynthesis E. cellular respiration

Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle? A. acetyl CoA B. FADH2 C. NADH + H+ D. ATP E. CO2

Based on what you know of the theoretical yields of ATP from each step, show how this total was determined. Match the numbers in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer.

Which answer best explains why organisms that have an ETC as well as fermentation pathways seldom ferment pyruvate if the electron acceptor at the end of the ETC is available? A. The ETC outcompetes fermentation pathways for use of the electron acceptor. B. The molecule formed by addition of an electron to pyruvate is toxic to the cell. C. Fermentation is extremely inefficient because it is so slow. D. Fermentation is extremely inefficient in terms of the number of ATP molecules produced for each molecule of glucose metabolized.

Why is ATP production during cellular respiration characterized as indirect? A. Most of the ATP is produced during glucose oxidation, which occurs through a series of intermediate steps. B. Electrons are not passed directly from NADH and FADH2 to O2 but indirectly through the ETC. C. ATP is produced by enzymes indirectly associated with the ETC that perform substrate-level phosphorylation. D. ATP is not produced directly by the ETC but instead via the proton gradient generated during electron transport through the ETC.

What is a significant advantage to the cell in having pyruvate dehydrogenase consist of a large, multi-enzyme complex? A. Metabolism can occur more rapidly. B. Metabolism can be regulated. C. Metabolism can occur with greater specificity. D. Metabolism can occur in the mitochondrial matrix.

View figure @: https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1739432/1/0213.jpg The accompanying figure shows the electron transport chain. Which of the following is the combination of substances that is initially added to the chain? A. NADH, FADH2, and protons B. NAD+, FAD, and electrons C. oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water D. NADH, FADH2, and O2 E. oxygen and protons

Why does aerobic respiration produce much more ATP than anaerobic respiration? A. Anaerobic respiration is typical only for prokaryotes. They need much less energy than aerobic organisms. B. Anaerobic organisms store energy in the form of GTP. C. Oxygen has extremely high electronegativity compared with other electron acceptors, resulting in a greater release of energy during electron transport and more proton pumping. D. Anaerobic organisms have fewer electron transport chains and ATP synthase molecules than aerobic organisms.

View image @: https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1616459/1/9.9.jpg For the oxidation of pyruvate shown in Figure 9.9, which answer correctly identifies molecules involved in the positive (+) and negative (−) control of this reaction? A. +: NAD+, Acetyl CoA, and AMP; −:CoA, NADH, and ATP B. +: NADH, CoA, and ATP; −: Acetyl CoA, NAD+, and AMP C. +: NAD+, CoA, and ATP; −: Acetyl CoA, NADH, and AMP D. +: NAD+, CoA, and AMP; −: Acetyl CoA, NADH, and ATP

Which answer correctly associates a process in cellular respiration with (1) what goes in and (2) what comes out? A. Citric acid cycle: (1) Acetyl CoA; (2) NADH, ATP (or GTP), FADH2,, and CO2 B. Citric acid cycle: (1) Acetyl CoA, CO2; (2) NADH, ATP (or GTP), and FADH2 C. Pyruvate processing: (1) Acetyl CoA; (2) Pyruvate, NADH, and CO2. D. Glycolysis: (1) Glucose, NADH; (2) Pyruvate

What molecule produced during the citric acid cycle feeds into the electron transport chain? A. carbon dioxide B. FADH2 C. oxygen (O2 D. ATP

If you were to expose cells that are undergoing cellular respiration to a radioactive oxygen isotope in the form of O2, which of the following molecules would you expect to be radiolabeled? A. NADH B. CO2 C. pyruvate D. water