Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration

Sunlight is essential for the varied life on Earth. Sunlight provides energy to photosynthetic organisms by providing _____.

Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true? A) Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria. B) Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts. C) Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts. D) Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria, and cellular respiration occurs in chloroplasts.

How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration?

What is the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

Lungs are to breathing as _____ are to cellular respiration.

Respiration ________, and cellular respiration ________.

When a car engine burns gasoline, the results of the reaction are similar to when cells burn glucose. Both reactions release carbon dioxide and water. In cells, the chemical energy in food is converted to ATP and heat. In a moving car, the chemical energy in gasoline is converted to _____.

Given the relatively modest number of calories burned by anything but the most vigorous activities, why can people consume over 2,000 kilocalories a day, yet maintain a healthy body weight?

Humans use about ________ of their daily calories to maintain brain cells and power other life-sustaining activities.

A kilocalorie is defined as

The label on the box of breakfast cereal lists one serving as containing "200 kcalories" per serving. How many calories are in one serving?

A molecule that functions as the electron donor in a redox reaction _____.

In cellular respiration, glucose _____ electrons, whereas _____ electrons.

During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose

During redox reactions,

In biological systems, an important enzyme involved in the regulation of redox reactions is

During cellular respiration, NADH

The functioning of an electron transport chain is analogous to

Oxidative phosphorylation could not occur without glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, because _____.

Which of the following options lists the stages in cellular respiration in the correct order?

A drug is tested in the laboratory and is found to create holes in both mitochondrial membranes. Scientists suspect that the drug will be harmful to human cells because it will inhibit

By-products of cellular respiration include

In the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is

Cyanide differs from dinitrophenol in that

Some human cells are restricted to aerobic respiration to recycle NADH and FADH2. If these cells are deprived of oxygen, then _____.

Some human cells are restricted to aerobic respiration to recycle NADH and FADH2. If these cells are deprived of oxygen, then _____.

In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.

In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized.

Lactobacillus sanfrancisco is responsible for which of the following?

Bacteria are responsible for the _____.

A child is born with a rare disease in which mitochondria are missing from skeletal muscle cells. However, the muscles still function. Physicians find that

Some friends are trying to make wine in their basement. They've added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that

When did the level of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere become high enough to sustain aerobic respiration?

Fat is the most efficient molecule for long-term energy storage even compared to carbohydrates because _____.

Primarily, cellular respiration serves to _____.

In the first stage of cellular respiration, two molecules of pyruvate are produced. In the remaining stages, a number of products are produced, including _____. These stages occur in the _____.

The electron transport chain is a series of electron carrier molecules. In eukaryotes, where can this structure be found?

During glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is partially oxidized. What is the net gain of ATP and NADH for each glucose molecule?

The electron transport chain is, in essence, a series of redox reactions that conclude cellular respiration. During these redox reactions, _____.

What is the fate of the electrons that are stripped from glucose during cellular respiration?

What is the purpose of embedding the electron transport chain in the membrane of a cell?

Cellular respiration completely breaks down a glucose molecule through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. However, these two processes yield only a few ATPs. The majority of the energy the cell derives from glucose is _____.

A muscle cell deprived of molecular oxygen will convert glucose to lactic acid to _____.

Using the ATP generated during cellular respiration, the intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can be siphoned off and used _____.

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

Which statement describes glycolysis?

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?

Which statement describes the electron transport chain?

Lactobacillus sanfrancisco is responsible for which of the following?

Bacteria are responsible for the _____.

In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.

In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized.

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown?

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.

Which of these enters the citric acid cycle?

In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?

One of the key differences between slow- and fast-twitch muscles is whether they require _____ when making ATP for energy.

Some microorganisms that live around hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean use inorganic energy sources and compounds to produce their own food. Therefore, these organisms are considered to be _____.

The function of cellular respiration is to __________.

If humans did not breathe in O2, we would not __________.

An electron carrier acts as an energy-storage molecule when it is _____ (for example, _____)

A molecule is oxidized when it __________.

Which one of the following best describes the electron transport chain?

Which one of the following serves primarily as a hydrogen-atom-carrier molecule in cells?

During the reaction C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O, _________.

In cellular respiration, _____ is oxidized and _____ is reduced.

During respiration in a eukaryotic cell, reactions of glycolysis occur __________.

During respiration in a eukaryotic cell, reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in __________.

Most of the electrons released from glucose by cell respiration __________.

Immediately after completion of the citric acid cycle, most of the usable energy from the original glucose molecule is in the form of _____.

In an experiment, mice were fed glucose (C6H12O6) containing a small amount of radioactive oxygen. The mice were closely monitored, and in a few minutes radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in _____.

What is the name of the process in which glucose is converted to pyruvic acid?

In preparing pyruvic acid to enter the citric acid cycle, which of the following steps occurs?

When pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA __________.

Most of the NADH that delivers electrons to the electron transport chain comes from _____.

Why is the citric acid cycle called a cycle?

The major (but not sole) energy accomplishment of the citric acid cycle is the __________.

The energy given up by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain is used to __________.

The ATP synthase in a human cell gets energy for making ATP directly from __________.

In respiration, which one of the following is done during the electron transport chain phase?

Which part of the breakdown of glucose requires molecular oxygen (O2)?

During aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen (O2) is used __________.

Which one of the following is the source of the energy that pumps hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

When a poison such as rotenone blocks the electron transport chain, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle soon grind to a halt as well, because __________.

In the citric acid cycle, the energy production per glucose molecule is __________.

Most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration comes from __________.

Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center wanted to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles were functioning anaerobically. They could do this by checking for a buildup of _____.

In glycolysis in the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate which compound?

A.V. Hill did his lactic acid experiments on frog muscles. This means that Hill was working under the premise that frog muscle __________.

Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvic acid is reduced to form lactic acid or alcohol and carbon dioxide. This last step __________.

How much ATP can a cell make from one glucose molecule in the presence of carbon monoxide?

A chemist has discovered a drug that blocks an enzyme that catalyzes some of the reactions of glycolysis. He wants to use the drug to kill bacteria in people with infections. However, he cannot do this because __________.

Of the metabolic pathways listed below, the only pathway found in almost all organisms is __________.

A molecule that functions as the electron donor in a redox reaction __________.

Some human cells, such as nerve cells, are restricted to aerobic respiration to recycle NADH and FADH2. If these cells are deprived of oxygen, then __________.

Oxidative phosphorylation could not occur without glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, because __________.

During fermentation, __________ that was produced during glycolysis is converted back to __________.

Glycolysis is the only stage of cellular respiration that __________.

In cellular respiration, glucose __________ electrons, whereas __________ electrons.

A scientist wants to study the enzymes of the citric acid cycle in eukaryotic cells. What part of the cell would she use as a source of these enzymes?

Recent data suggests that heat-generatiing brown fat is most active in __________.

We inhale O2 and we exhale CO2. Carbon dioxide is produced __________.

Each turn of the critic acid cycle generates one ATP and __________ additional energy-rich molecules: __________.

In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed from one electron carrier to another. The energy released is used to __________.

A biochemist wanted to study how various substances were used in cellular respiration. In one experiment, she allowed a mouse to breathe air containing O2 "labeled" by a particular isotope. In the mouse, the labeled oxygen first showed up in

In glycolysis, __________ is oxidized and __________ is reduced.

Which of the following is the most immediate source of energy for making the most of the ATP in your cells?

Which of the following is a true distinction between cellular respiration and fermentation?

The poison cyanide binds to an electron carrier within the electron transport chain and blocks the movement of electrons. When this happens glycolysis and the citric acid cycle soon grind to a halt as well. Why do you think these other two stages of cellular respiration stop?

In which of the following is the first molecule becoming reduced to the second molecule?

Which of the three stages of cellular respiration if considered the most ancient?

Compare and contrast fermentation as it occurs in your muscle cells and in yeast cells.

Explain how your body can convert excess carbohydrates in the diet to fats. Can excess carbohydrates be converted to protein? What else must be supplied?

An average adult human requires 2,200 kcal of energy per day. Suppose your diet provides an average of 2,300 kcal per day. How many hours per week would you have to walk to burn it off?

Your body makes NAD+ and FAD from two B vitamins, niacin and riboflavin. The recommended dietary allowance for niacin is 20 mg and for riboflavin, 1.7 mg. These amounts are thousands of times less than the amount of glucose your body needs each day to fuel its energy needs. Why is the daily requirement for these vitamins so small?

ATP synthase enzymes are found in the prokaryotic plasma membrane and in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. What does this suggest about the evolutionary relationship of eukaryotic organelle to prokaryotes?

Compare and describe the roles of CO2 and H2O in cellular respiration and photosynthesis.