Bio CH 9

What is the correct sequence of steps in cellular respiration, starting with glucose?

For each molecule of glucose processed during glycolysis, the net yield is ____.

In the phosphofructokinase molecule shown in Figure 9.7, the active site has a higher affinity for ATP than the regulatory site does. Which answer best summarizes what the consequences would be if the regulatory site had a higher affinity for ATP than the active site did?

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis? (a) FADH2 (b) ATP (c) pyruvate (d) NADH

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation?

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.

When a compound donates electrons, that compound becomes ______. Such a compound is often referred to as an electron donor.

When a compound accepts electrons, that compound becomes ______. Such a compound is often referred to as an electron acceptor.

In glycolysis, the carbon-containing compound that functions as the electron donor is ________.

Once the electron donor in glycolysis gives up its electrons, it is oxidized to a compound called ______

________ is the compound that functions as the electron acceptor in glycolysis

The reduced form of the electron acceptor in glycolysis is ________

__________ is a series of steps in which a glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate.

glycolysis occurs in the _______

The citric acid cycle transfers electrons to _________ and _________.

_________ is the final electron acceptor of cellular respiration.

Chloroplasts are the sites of ___________.

Photosynthesis produces ______ and releases _______ into the atmosphere.

Mitochondria are the sites of

Carbon dioxide and water are by-products of

Glycolysis occurs in the

Acetyl CoA formation occurs in the

Citric acid cycle occurs in the

oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the

Among the products of glycolysis, which compounds contain energy that can be used by other biological reactions?

True or false: an enzyme is required in order for the reaction to occur

True or False: a bond must be broken between an organic molecule and phosphate before ATP can form

True or False: one of the substrates is a molecule derived from the breakdown of glucose

True or False: the enzymes involved in ATP synthesis must be attached to a membrane to produce ATP

True or False: the phosphate group added to make ATP comes from free inorganic phosphate ions

For the oxidation of pyruvate shown in Figure 9.9 on the right, which answer correctly identifies molecules involved in the positive (+) and negative (?) control of this reaction?

Pyruvate oxidation is a critical step in cellular respiration so it is advantageous for it to be feedback-inhibited by large supplies of products and stimulated by large supplies of reactants and low supplies of products (____ indicates low supplies of ATP).

What molecule produced during the citric acid cycle feeds into the electron transport chain?

Steps with the greatest releases of free energy produce 2 NADH (not 2 ATP, 2 GTP, or 2 FADH2), suggesting that NADH carries the

Which of these enters the citric acid cycle?

In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?

In eukaryotes, the components of the electron transport chain are located in the ____.

Anaerobic conditions and acetyl CoA formation: Under anaerobic conditions (a lack of oxygen), the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA stops. Which of these statements is the correct explanation for this observation? a. Oxygen is an input to acetyl CoA formation. b. In the absence of oxygen, electron transport stops. NADH is no longer converted to NAD+, which is needed for the first three stages of cellular respiration. c. ATP is needed to convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA. Without oxygen, no ATP can be made in oxidative phosphorylation. d. Oxygen is required to convert glucose to pyruvate in glycolysis. Without oxygen, no pyruvate can be made.

Suppose that a cell's demand for ATP suddenly exceeds its supply of ATP from cellular respiration. Which statement correctly describes how this increased demand would lead to an increased rate of ATP production? a. ATP levels would fall at first, increasing the inhibition of PFK and increasing the rate of ATP production. b. ATP levels would fall at first, decreasing the inhibition of PFK and increasing the rate of ATP production. c. ATP levels would rise at first, increasing the inhibition of PFK and increasing the rate of ATP production. d. ATP levels would rise at first, decreasing the inhibition of PFK and increasing the rate of ATP production.

During strenuous exercise, anaerobic conditions can result if the cardiovascular system cannot supply oxygen fast enough to meet the demands of muscle cells. Assume that a muscle cell's demand for ATP under anaerobic conditions remains the same as it was under aerobic conditions. What would happen to the cell's rate of glucose utilization?

In mitochondrial electron transport, what is the direct role of O2?

How would anaerobic conditions (when no O2 is present) affect the rate of electron transport and ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation? (Note that you should not consider the effect on ATP synthesis in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.)

NADH and FADH2 are both electron carriers that donate their electrons to the electron transport chain. The electrons ultimately reduce O2 to water in the final step of electron transport. However, the amount of ATP made by electrons from an NADH molecule is greater than the amount made by electrons from an FADH2 molecule. Which statement best explains why more ATP is made per molecule of NADH than per molecule of FADH2?

The effect of gramicidin on oxidative phosphorylation: Sort the labels into the correct bin according to the effect that gramicidin would have on each process.

Which molecule is metabolized in a cell to produce energy for performing work?

True or false? The potential energy in an ATP molecule is derived mainly from its three phosphate groups.

Which process is not part of the cellular respiration pathway that produces large amounts of ATP in a cell? Glycolysis -Fermentation -Krebs cycle -Electron transport chain

Which step of the cellular respiration pathway can take place in the absence of oxygen?

Into which molecule are all the carbon atoms in glucose ultimately incorporated during cellular respiration?

Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true? -NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons to the chain. -Water is the last electron acceptor. -Electrons gain energy as they move down the chain. -The electron transport chain is the first step in cellular respiration

Which stage of glucose metabolism produces the most ATP?

True or false? The reactions that generate the largest amounts of ATP during cellular respiration take place in the mitochondria.

In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.

In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized.

In most organisms, the end product of glycolysis is ______, which still contains a substantial amount of energy, which can be further extracted. Whether the organisms are operating under aerobic or anaerobic conditions determines the metabolic pathway that pyruvate undergoes to produce more ATP.

fermentation in human muscle produces ________

fermentation in yeast and bacteria produce _________

aerobic oxidation produces _________

Sort the following items according to whether they are reactants or products in the anaerobic reduction of pyruvate during lactic acid fermentation. -NADH -Lactate -Pyruvate -NAD+

Under what conditions will cells use fermentation pathways?

A newly developed insecticide compound steals high-energy electrons from FADH2 and NADH before they can bind to the electron transport chain. Why does this kill insects?

You are interested in identifying mutant yeast cells that have impaired or broken ETC proteins. What phenotype would you look for to find those mutant cells?

What purpose does fermentation serve?

Why is the citric acid cycle a cyclic pathway rather than a linear pathway? In the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, one carbon atom is released as CO2. However, the oxidation of the remaining two carbon atoms—in acetate—to CO2 requires a complex, eight-step pathway—the citric acid cycle. Consider four possible explanations for why the last two carbons in acetate are converted to CO2 in a complex cyclic pathway rather than through a simple, linear reaction.

Net redox reaction in acetyl CoA formation and the citric acid cycle. In the sequential reactions of acetyl CoA formation and the citric acid cycle, pyruvate (the output from glycolysis) is completely oxidized, and the electrons produced from this oxidation are passed on to two types of electron acceptors.

Carbon atoms in acetyl CoA formation and the citric acid cycle During acetyl CoA formation and the citric acid cycle, all of the carbon atoms that enter cellular respiration in the glucose molecule are released in the form of CO2. Use this diagram to track the carbon-containing compounds that play a role in these two stages.

Drag which molecules are involved in glycolysis

In acetyl CoA formation, the carbon-containing compound from glycolysis is oxidized to produce acetyl CoA. From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those that are the net inputs and net outputs of acetyl CoA formation. Drag each compound to the appropriate bin. If a compound is not involved in acetyl CoA formation, drag it to the "not input or output" bin. (Note that not all of the inputs and outputs of acetyl CoA formation are included.)

In the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), acetyl CoA is completely oxidized. From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those that are the net inputs and net outputs of the citric acid cycle. Drag each compound to the appropriate bin. If a compound is not involved in the citric acid cycle, drag it to the "not input or output" bin. (Note that not all of the inputs and outputs of the citric acid cycle are included.)

In the last stage of cellular respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, all of the reduced electron carriers produced in the previous stages are oxidized by oxygen via the electron transport chain. The energy from this oxidation is stored in a form that is used by most other energy-requiring reactions in cells. From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those that are the net inputs and net outputs of oxidative phosphorylation. Drag each compound to the appropriate bin. If a compound is not involved in oxidative phosphorylation, drag it to the "not input or output" bin. (Note that not all of the inputs and outputs of oxidative phosphorylation are listed.)