Chapter 4

Fermentation reactions generally occur under conditions of:

All alcoholic beverages are produced as the result of:

Potential energy is to kinetic energy as ______________ is to _____________.

Which of the following energy-generating processes is the only one that occurs in all living organisms?

In glycolysis, one molecule of glucose containing 6 carbons is converted to two molecules of ________ containing 3 carbons each. This reaction also yields two molecules of _______ and two molecules of _______.

When fermentation occurs in grapes left on the vine, the final product is the ethanol used to make wine. When fermentation occurs in our muscles, the final product is:

The three different known biochemical pathways organisms will use to photosynthesize include which of the following?

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is constant; it can ____________________, but not _______________.

When ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP, what happens?

How many phosphates do ADP & ATP each have?

Every time a source of energy is converted from one form to another:

Carbon dioxide enters a plant through which of the following?

The generation of ATP by the movement of protons down their concentration gradient, occurs in:

Which of the following is NOT a form of kinetic energy?

The word anabolism refers to constructive, build-up, or synthesis reactions while the word catabolism refers to destructive, breakdown, or digestive reactions. What does it mean to say that in a cell, catabolism fuels anabolism?

The graphs above show data relating to seasonal differences in the amount of pigment molecules present in leaves and how this is related to leaves changing colors. What can you conclude from these graphs?

A molecule of chlorophyll increases in potential energy:

Which by-product of photosynthesis was important in altering the atmosphere of the earth so that aerobic organisms could evolve?

Chlorophyll a and b are green-colored molecules. What color(s) of light do they reflect?

According to the clip, what is the main function of photosynthesis?

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

Watch the video clip which shows details of what happens to electrons when sunlight hits the leaf and the chloroplasts in it. Which of the following describes the function of water in this part of photosynthesis

During fermentation, yeast cells convert pyruvate to ethanol and CO2. Fermentation also occurs in human muscle cells when oxygen is depleted. In the case of muscle cells, what are the byproduct(s) of the fermentation of pyruvate?

Oxygen gas produced during photosynthesis originates as:

Although the reactions of the Calvin cycle do not depend directly on light, they do not usually occur at night. Why?

The graphs above show data relating to seasonal differences in the amount of pigment molecules present in leaves and how this is related to leaves changing colors. Why are there two graphs shown here?

Biologically speaking, a pigment:

Animal fats and plant oils are sometimes used as sources of fuel for automobile engines. How is energy harvested from these molecules?

When a chlorophyll molecule absorbs light, exciting an electron, the chlorophyll molecule:

Which of the following products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are later employed in the Calvin cycle?

When ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP, what happens?

Plants, protists, fungi, and animals are all known to obtain energy through aerobic respiration. Which of the following must be present in all these organisms for this to be true?

Where does the Krebs (citric acid) cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?

The graphs above show data relating to seasonal differences in the amount of pigment molecules present in leaves and how this is related to leaves changing colors. The graphs indicate that in the fall chlorophyll a and b molecules are broken down and stored in the branches of the plant. As light from the fall sun hits the leaf, what is the result?

What is the first step in CAM photosynthesis?

The energy transformation pathways of cellular respiration and photosynthesis are related in which of the following ways?

Humphrey Bogart said in Casablanca that some things "don't amount to a hill of beans in this crazy world." But a "hill of beans" does have energetic value, both as food and as a tall hill. In what form(s)is/are the energy in this bean hill?

A cyclist rides her bike up a very steep hill. Of the following choices, which statement properly describes this example in energetic terms?

The graphs above show data relating to seasonal differences in the amount of pigment molecules present in leaves and how this is related to leaves changing colors. Which of the following is true about the graph above?

When fermentation occurs in grapes left on the vine, the final product is the ethanol used to make wine. When fermentation occurs in our muscles, the final product is:

Anaerobic mammals:

Which of the following statements about the light reactions of photosynthesis are correct?

Which one of the following statements best represents the relationship between respiration and photosynthesis?

What happens to the pyruvate molecules produced through glycolysis?

What are the resulting products of the splitting of water in photosynthesis?

______________ is a thick fluid inside the chloroplast membrane. Suspended within it are disk-like membranous sacs known as _______________, which are concentrated in stacks called _______________.

During C4 photosynthesis:

How many turns of the Krebs cycle (also called the citric acid cycle) are needed to fully breakdown the energy in one glucose molecule?

The three steps, in order, of the Calvin Cycle are:

File this one under "confusing plant terminology." Both a plant's stoma and its stroma are important in photosynthesis. What's the difference between stoma and stroma?

Why are leaves green?

Photons excite electrons in chlorophyll. These electrons are then trapped by the primary electron acceptor. How does the photosystem replace the trapped electrons?

Which of the following does NOT occur during the Calvin cycle?

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protistans, use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar, which _______________ converts to ATP, the "fuel" used by all living things.

Which of the following energy-generating processes is the only one that occurs in all living organisms?

Plants that carry out the Calvin cycle during the day when the stomata are closed and fix carbon dioxide into organic acids at night when the stomata are open are called:

During photosynthesis, visible light has enough energy to:

The most abundant protein in the world is the enzyme that initiates the fixation of carbon in the Calvin cycle. This enzyme is called:

According to the clip, the light-capturing pigment molecules are called:

The carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis enters the plant through the:

In photosynthesis, both the first and the second photosystems:

Three different metabolic pathways are responsible for the production of ATP. What are they?

Which of the following statements about the DIFFERENCES between the chlorophyll a molecule at the center of a photosystem and chlorophyll elsewhere in the photosystem is NOT true?

The first cells evolved in an atmosphere that lacked free _____________. Their metabolism resulted in the accumulation of ________________ in the atmosphere.

ATP is produced in the mitochondria by a series of biochemical reactions. In what order do these reactions occur?

An inherited disease results from abnormal mitochondria passed from mother to child. Using your knowledge of mitochondria's function within human cells, which of the following is the most likely description of the symptoms of this disease?

Chlorophyll b and the carotenoids are important as receptors of light energy because they:

A cyclist rides her bike up a very steep hill. Pick from the following choices the one that properly describes this example in energetic terms.

The specialized cells that facilitate gas exchange in plants are known as:

The electron-transport chains of chloroplasts convey electrons to the ___________-producing photosystem, while at the same time providing energy for the synthesis of _________.

A green plant can carry out photosynthesis if given nothing more than:

What is the source of the electrons that replace those lost by chlorophyll a in the photosystems?

In plant cells, chloroplasts:

Photosystems:

Oxygen gas produced during photosynthesis originates as:

NADH:

The generation of ATP by the movement of protons down their concentration gradient, occurs in:

Plants that carry out the Calvin cycle during the day when the stomata are closed and fix carbon dioxide into organic acids at night when the stomata are open are called

The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with:

The actual production of sugars during photosynthesis takes place:

Each ATP molecule is composed of three separate subunits. Which of the following is NOT a proper description of one of these subunits?

During photosynthesis, which of the following is the most important molecule in the conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy?

A molecule of glucose sugar is used by the cells of your body to make about 34-36 ATP. This means that:

In cellular respiration:

Aerobic bacteria:

In your body, when energy is released from the breakdown of a molecule such as glucose:

Which of the following is NOT a product of photosynthesis?

Within the study of thermodynamics, a closed system is defined as system in which energy does not come in and energy does go out. Which of the following is considered a closed system?

Light has both the properties of a wave and of a particle. Why is this dual model of light necessary for understanding photosynthesis?

If photosynthesis produces cellular energy (ATP) from sunlight, why do plant cells also need to perform cellular respiration, a process that produces ATP from sugar?

Cellular respiration is an efficient process that captures around 35% of the energy in glucose. From one molecule of glucose, it yields:

What accepts the electrons from NADH during fermentation so that it may be recycled into the empty electron carrier, NAD+

The conversion of radiant energy to chemical energy occurs in photosynthesis and many other common phenomena, such as brewing tea, fading of dyes in the sun, and photography. In what way is photosynthesis different from these other processes?

The graphs above show data relating to seasonal differences in the amount of pigment molecules present in leaves and how this is related to leaves changing colors. What do the colors represent in these graphs?

The phosphate groups in ATP:

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

The generation of ATP by the movement of protons down their concentration gradient, occurs in:

A student builds a model of an ATP molecule out of some scraps she finds at home. She uses a block of wood for the bulk of the molecule which she labels ADP. She attaches the block to a spring and then compresses the spring between the block and a smaller round paper weight. What does the coiled spring represent in an actual molecule of ATP?

A pigment that absorbs all wavelengths of visible light appears:

In photosynthesis, both the first and the second photosystems:

During photosynthesis, which step is most responsible for a plant's acquisition of new organic material:

You eat a chocolate bar to get you through a late-night studying session. Quickly your body begins to break down the macromolecules in the candy and utilize the sugars, lipids and protein to make ATP. Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of breaking down the candy bar's macromolecules?

To synthesize 1 glucose molecule, the Calvin cycle uses _______ molecules of CO2, _______ molecules of ATP, and ________ molecules of NADPH.

Phosphorus is an important nutrient for plants and animals because it is a component of:

Why must plants get water in order for photosynthesis to occur?

Where are the molecules of the mitochondrial electron transport chain located?

The electrons at the very end of both photosystems are eventually picked up by an electron carrier to become:

When a photon strikes a molecule, the photon may

Which of the following is NOT one of the major molecular changes that occurs in glycolysis?

The original source of electrons in the photosystems is:

When amino acids are used in cellular respiration to make ATP, what part must be removed that often ends up in the urine?

In harvesting the chemical energy of the molecules in food:

With regards to special mechanisms of photosynthesis in hot or dry climates, ________ photosynthesis separates carbon dioxide capture and the Calvin cycle physically while _________ photosynthesis separates carbon dioxide capture and the Calvin Cycle in time.

Which of the following metabolic processes results in the production of ATP in the absence of oxygen?

During electron transport in photosynthesis, the inner compartment of the thylakoid membrane becomes:

A green automobile hood exposed to sunlight will produce far more heat than a green leaf exposed to the same amount of sunlight. Why is this?

How many rotations of the Calvin cycle are required for the production of one glucose molecule?

In photosynthesis, gaseous molecular oxygen (O2) is released. This comes from a compound that goes into photosynthesis. Which compound is it?

A green plant can carry out photosynthesis if given nothing more than:

The actual production of sugars during photosynthesis takes place:

Which of the following processes does NOT take place in the cytosol in eukaryotic cells?

Which of the following is NOT one of the major molecular changes that occurs in glycolysis?

Where does the new mass of a plant come from as it grows?

Which of the following is the LEAST likely effect of a drug that binds to (and inactivates) oxaloacetate?

Which of the following sequences accurately represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?

Which of the following does NOT occur during the Calvin cycle?

If a thylakoid were punctured so that its interior was no longer separated from the stroma, which of the following processes would be most directly affected?

Energized electrons from the water-splitting photosystem pass down an electron-transport chain to the ___________-producing photosystem.

The Calvin Cycle produces G3P, with the formula C3H7O6P. This is combined inside the chloroplast to make the six-carbon glucose sugar, C6H12O6. How many turns of the Calvin Cycle would be required to build and produce a completed glucose molecule?

When ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP, what happens?

When a muscle cell metabolizes glucose in the complete absence of molecular oxygen, all of the following substances are produced EXCEPT:

C4 plants have better water conservation abilities than do many other plants (especially C3). This is because:

Which of the following would be a typical product of the dark reactions of photosynthesis?

Which of the following is NOT a form of kinetic energy?

Theodor Engelmann broadcast light that had been passed through a prism onto a mat of algae. This exposed different parts of the algae to different wavelengths of light. When he added aerobic bacteria to the system, he noted that the largest groups of bacteria aggregated in the areas of the algae illuminated by the blue and red light. What did Engelmann discover from this experiment?

The graphs above show data relating to seasonal differences in the amount of pigment molecules present in leaves and how this is related to leaves changing colors. What is the independent variable presented in these graphs?

The original source of electrons in the photosystems is:

In photosynthesis, as electrons pass from carrier to carrier in redox reactions, hydrogen ions removed from ___________ are deposited in ______________.

The first cells evolved in an atmosphere that lacked free _____________. Their metabolism resulted in the accumulation of ________________ in the atmosphere.

Different steps in cellular respiration occur in different locations in the mitochondria. Which of the following does not properly match a step of respiration to its proper location?

When amino acids are used in cellular respiration to make ATP, what part must be removed that often ends up in the urine?

What accepts the electrons from NADH during fermentation so that it may be recycled into the empty electron carrier, NAD+

During photosynthesis, visible light has enough energy to:

In chloroplasts, the process that occurs at the electron transport chain leads to:

Which of the following statements about the DIFFERENCES between the chlorophyll a molecule at the center of a photosystem and chlorophyll elsewhere in the photosystem is NOT true?

A pigment that absorbs all wavelengths of visible light appears:

The water released during cellular respiration is called:

All of the following statements regarding C4 plants are correct EXCEPT:

Which of the following does NOT occur as a direct result of a photon hitting a chlorophyll molecule?

The most effective portion(s) of the visible spectrum in driving photosynthesis is (are):

Which of the following statements is most correct concerning the movement of materials through the stomata?

Which of the following statements most accurately depicts the relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?

When both light and temperature are increased, the rate of photosynthesis will:

What happens to electrons as they are passed down the photosynthetic electron transport chain from the primary electron acceptor?

A plant whose leaves are reddish yellow is NOT absorbing light from which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum?

Which wavelengths are absorbed by chloroplasts during photosynthesis?

Carotenoids:

The specialized cells that facilitate gas exchange in plants are known as:

Which of the following processes does NOT take place in the cytosol in eukaryotic cells?

Most plant leaves contain yellow and orange carotenoids as well as green chlorophylls. Why then are most leaves greenish?

Energy used in cellular respiration can originate from:

When a muscle cell metabolizes glucose in the complete absence of molecular oxygen, all of the following substances are produced EXCEPT:

Which of the following statements most accurately depicts the relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?

During cellular respiration, most of the energy contained within the bonds of food molecules is captured in:

The original source of electrons in the photosystems is:

Which of the following is NOT one of the major molecular changes that occurs in glycolysis?