APUSH Ch. 29

28 August 2022
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Cold War
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The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another. , " War of words and threats" between the US and USSR from 1945-1990. It was a political and economic stuggle between these nations.
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Yalta 1945
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At the Yalta Conference, it was agreed that Germany would be divided into zones of occupation and would pay heavy reparations to the Soviet Union. The Big Three struggled to reach an ambiguous compromise at Yalta: eastern European governments were to be freely elected but pro-Russian. The Yalta compromise over Eastern Europe broke down almost immediately. (993-994)
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"Revisionist Interpretation"
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An interpretation of the origins of the Cold War that emphasizes American ideological or economic aggression against the Soviet Union and its allies.
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United Nations
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(FDR) an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security
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Security Council
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Five permanent members( US, UK, France, China, USSR) with veto power in the UN. Promised to carry out UN decisions with their own forces.
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"Zone of Occupation"
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The various areas where the Soviet Union and the Americans held in Europe. America received West Germany and the Soviet Union received East Germany. Essentially the world was divided into Soviet Powers in the East and American Allied Forces in the West
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Potsdam Conference
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The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.
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Chiang Kai-Shek
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General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. (p. 788)
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Mao Zedong
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This man became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and remained its leader until his death. He declared the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry throughout his life.
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"China Lobby"
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People who wanted a third independent force in China with the hope it would become a pro-western nation in Asia.
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Containment Doctrine
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A foreign policy strategy advocated by George Kennan that called for the United States to isolate the Soviet Union, 'contain' its advances, and resist its encroachments by peaceful means if possible, but by force if necessary
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George F. Keenan
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American ambassador to the Soviet Union who proposed the policy of containment, American diplomat who stressed the need to contain communism within its current borders
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The Marshall Plan
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(HT) 1947, by George Marshall, against "hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos" a massive aid package offered by US they gave food and economic assistance to europe to help countries rebuild, After WWII, this document was created....it said that the US would provide food and economic assistance to any European country that needed helpto recover from WWII. Truman offered it to the Soviet Union but Stalin didn't accept it. It greatly improved many western European countries.
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Atomic Energy Commission
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a former executive agency (from 1946 to 1974) that was responsible for research into atomic energy and its peacetime uses in the United States, Created a monopoly for the Federal government's control of fissionable materials (Uranium and Plutonium), Control atomic energy, control spread of nuclear weapons. Russia refused to let the US inpect.
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National Security Act of 1947
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created the Department of Defense, which was housed in the Pentagon and headed by a new cabinet position, the Secretary of Defense, under which served civilian secretaries of the army, navy, and air force and created the National Security Council (NSC) to advise the president on security matters and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to coordinate the government's foreign fact-gathering (spying)
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Central Intelligence Agency
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An agency created after World War II to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad. It became involved in intrigue, conspiracy, and meddling as well., an independent agency of the United States government responsible for collecting and coordinating intelligence and counterintelligence activities abroad in the national interest
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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In 1949, the United States, Canada, and ten European nations formed this military mutual-defense pact. In 1955, the Soviet Union countered NATO with the formation of the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance among those nations within its own sphere of influence.
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Berlin airlift
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airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin, Successful effort by the United States and Britain to ship by air 2.3 million tons of supplies to the residents of the Western-controlled sectors of Berlin from June 1948 to May 1949, in response to a Soviet blockade of all land and canal routes to the divided city.
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Warsaw Pact
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treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania, The 1955 treaty binding the Soviet Union and countries of eastern Europe in an alliance against the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (p. 836)
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Formosa (Taiwan)
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Chiang fled with his political allies and the remnants of his army to this offshore island, and the entire Chinese mainland came under the control of a communist government that many Americans believed to be an extension of the Soviet Union.
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NSC-68
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NSC-68 or National Security Council Report 68 was a 58 page classified report issued April 14, 1950 during the presidency of Harry Truman. Written in the formative stages of the Cold War, it has become one of the classic historical documents of the Cold War. NSC-68 would shape government actions in the Cold War for the next 20 years and has subsequently been labeled its "blueprint." Truman officially signed NSC-68 on September 30, 1950. It was declassified in 1977.
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Servicemens Readjustment Act 1944
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This provided economic and educational assistance to veterans, increasing spending even further.
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Coal Strike 1946
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John L. Lewis called 400,000 bituminous coal miners out on strike for improved wages, health benefits, and safety regulations. By mid-May, the strike was crippling industrial production and threatened to end the economy's postwar recovery. When Lewis rejected Harry S. Truman's efforts to find a compromise, the president seized the mines and ordered the strikers back to work.
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"Fair Deal"
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An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.
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Traditional European Balance of Power
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One of the issues addressed in the Marshall Plan
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Casablanca, Morocco
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A conference was held here between January 14th and January 29th 1943. Here, FDR and Churchill agreed on an increase of American bombing in Germany and the transfer of British military resources to the Far east
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States Rights' Party
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In 1948, a group of southern Democrats known as the dixiecrats bolted from their party and supported Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina as the presidential candidate of the States Rights party.
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Thomas E. Dewey
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the Governor of New York (1943-1955) and the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in 1944 and 1948
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Korean War
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Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea.
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Gen. Douglas MacArthur
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During the Korean War, he was commander of Allied Forces in the South Pacific during World War II and of UN forces in Korea. He lead the American, British, and South Korean forces. MacArthur fought up until the Yalu River by the Chinese border. Truman told him to only use Korean forces in case China got involved. However MacArthur did not follow orders and sent US, British and Korean forces to fight. The Chinese responded heavily and the troops were pushed back to the 38th parallel. Truman was extremely upset and dismissed MacArthur. Some believe that MacArthur was the reason that the US failed to "liberate" North Korea. Also MacArthur, while back in the states, was always publicly dismissing Truman's ideas. At one point he was even going to run for president.
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House Un-American Activities
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The House of Representatives established the Committee on Un-American Activities, popularly known as "HUAC," in order to investigate "subversion.", (HUAC) Established in 1938 to investigate disloyalty in the United States
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"the Hollywood Ten"
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When Hollywood producers and writers were called to testify, this group of people refused to answer questions about their own political beliefs and those of their colleagues, they were sent to jail for contempt., In 1947, hundreds of entertainers were called to testify before HUAC about communist activities in Hollywood. The "Hollywood Ten", refused to testify and were sentenced to jail terms for contempt of Congress.
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Alger Hiss
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A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon., was a U.S. State Department official involved in the establishment of the United Nations. He was accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950
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Richard M. Nixon
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He was a committee member of the House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities (to investigate "subversion"). He tried to catch Alger Hiss who was accused of being a communist agent in the 1930's. This brought Nixon to the attention of the American public. In 1956 he was Eisenhower's Vice-President., President 1968 - turned America to conservatism, descreased power of Fed government
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J. Edgar Hoover
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FBI directer who urged HUAC to hold public hearings on communist subversion to find communist sympathisers and fellow travelers to isolate them and their influence. FBI sends agents to infiltrate groups suspected of subversion and wiretoppa telephnones
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McCarran Internal Security Act 1950
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is a United States federal law that required the registration of Communist organizations with the United States Attorney General and established the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate persons suspected of engaging in subversive activities or otherwise promoting the establishment of a "totalitarian dictatorship," fascist or communist.
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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
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Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.
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Joseph McCarthy
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1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists
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Red Scare
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Most instense outbreak of national alarm, began in 1919. Success of communists in Russia, American radicals embracing communism followed by a series of mail bombings frightened Americans. Attorney General A. MItchell Palmer led effort to deport aliens without due processs, with widespread support. Did not last long as some Americans came to their senses. Sacco/Vanzetti trial demonstrated anti-foreign feeling in 20's. Accused of armed robbery & murder, had alibis. "Those anarchists bastards". Sentenced to death and executed.
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Adlai Stevenson
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The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term "eggheads". Lost to Eisenhower.
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Dwight D. Eisenhower
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leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School
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"checkers speech"
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Given by Richard Nixon on September 23, 1952, when he was the Republican candidate for the Vice Presidency. Said to have saved his career from a campaign contributions scandal.