Chapter 25 Key Terms (APUSH)

27 August 2022
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Army-McCarthy Hearings
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These hearings were between the Army and the accusations made by Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin. McCarthy made lists of people whom he described as communists, without any backup evidence, and he got what he wanted: a whirlwind of emotion and attention. However, when he accused the US Army of being full of commies, the hearings were broadcasted on TV, and McCarthy's popularity plummeted.
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Bay of Pigs
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The Bay of Pigs was an incident that occurred on April 17, 1961, and damaged the CIA's reputation. After Fidel Castro successfully overthrew the previous Cuban dictator, the Central Intelligence Agency trained invaders to spread anti-Castro feelings, but right after landing on the Bay of Pigs, the 1,400 invaders were crushed by Castro.
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Berlin Airlift
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For just short of a year, the Berlin Airlift was the means by which the United States offered aid to West Berlin, Germany in 1948 and 1949. This was because the Soviet Union, which surrounded Berlin, barricaded all surface paths to Berlin, but lifted the blockade on May 12, 1949, after realizing it was a failure.
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CIA Coups- Iran and Guatemala
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The CIA, influenced by Secretary of State John Dulles and run by his brother Allen Dulles, performed coups against Iran and Guatemala, fearing that those governments were becoming too closely aligned with the Soviet Union. The 1953 coup in Iran replaced Mohammad Mossadegh with Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, and the 1954 coup in Guatemala overthrew Jacobo Arbenz Guzmaán.
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Containment Policy
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The Containment Policy was the overall strategy developed by Western countries (primarily the US) in the late 1940's against the Soviet Union. This strategy was developed to counter the Soviet's quick expansion towards Eastern Europe, and involved containing the communism and expansion while reconstituting democracy and capitalism in Western Germany.
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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The Cuban Missile Crisis was the tense period in October 1962, after which President Kennedy revealed to the nation that ballistic missiles from the Soviet commies had been installed in Cuba, and more were coming. Kennedy promised to stop the progress of this offensive military equipment. Finally Kennedy promised to not invade Cuba, and Krushchev, dismantle missile bases; this showed a thawing in the Cold War.
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Dixiecrats
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Dixiecrats was the self-given nickname for Southern Democrats during the 1948 Presidential election. The Democratic Convention fell apart, and while Republicans nominated the strong campaigner Thomas Dewey, the Democrats were split between the northerners who wanted Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota, and the Dixiecrats, who wanted Strom Thurmond of South Carolina. This split gave way to Harry Truman, who, in the end, swept the Deomocrats.
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Domino Theory
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The "domino theory" was President Eisenhower's policy on Southeast Asia from the 1950's to the 1970's, and was, in a way, an extension of the containment policy. According the domino theory, if France's war efforts in Southeast Asia, especially Vietnam, failed, then all non-communist governments in the region would collapse. Even when France did pull out, this theory drove the US to continue fighting North Vietnam.
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Dynamic Conservatism
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Dynamic Conservatism was Eisenhower's method of being popular enough to both Democrats and Republicans to win the Presidential election. In this strategy, he was liberal in humanities and cases revolving around humans, and conservative when it came to fiscal issues: this appealed to both Democrats and Republicans.
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Eisenhower Doctrine
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The Eisenhower Doctrine was announced by President Eisenhower in a 1957 speech, which stated that America would assist any nation in the Middle East who desired aid from Communist aggression. Eisenhower put this doctrine into action, when he stopped a revolt in Lebanon backed by Gamal Nasser.
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McCarthyism
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McCarthyism marked the finale of the Red Scare in 1950, and it was fueled by Wisconsin Senator's McCarthy's outlandish conspiracies. He listed hundreds of people he believed to be "soft" on communism, yet still had an affect on American politics; but when his accusations on the Army went televised, his anti-communist craze lost its momentum.
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MAD
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the MAD doctrine, or the Mutually Assured Destruction Doctrine, helped dissuade nations from attacking each other with nuclear arms. According to this security policy, the use of weapons of mass destruction by opposing sides would cause the annihilation of the attacker and defender, which dissuaded the enemy from attacking, since, whatever side initiates attack, the outcome would be the same: total destruction.
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NATO
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Also known as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO was signed right after World War II, in 1949, by Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, and West Germany, which stated that an attack on one shall be considered an attack on all. Soviet Russia responded by forming the Warsaw Pct in 1955, a military alliance with nations in Eastern Europe.
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New Frontier
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The New Frontier referred to Kennedy's new team of advisors in the White House, after Kennedy narrowly won the Presidential election in 1960. This included former head of Ford Motor Company, Robert McNamara, and Kennedy's little brother, Robert. This new team was played up to be very smart and ready, but they were not prepared for running a nation and soon got into trouble.
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New Look
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The "New Look" was the new economic defense policy set up under President Eisenhower by the late 1950's. Seeing no end to the Cold War, Eisenhower decided to lessen the cost of the frosty war by relying solely on a nuclear arsenal and not on conventional forces. However, the Soviet Union closely followed America's arsenal, and equally matched the United States in firepower in 1958.
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NSC-68
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the NSC-68, or National Security Council Report number 68, was a top secret policy paper issued on April 14, 1950, and it significantly shaped the US foreign policy during the Cold War. According to the Report, the policy was to make an increase in containment against communism, while rejecting the policies of friendly détente or aggressive rollback.
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Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
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The Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was signed between the Soviet Union and the United States in 1963, which banned above ground testing of all nuclear weapons. This was after the nations finally realized the dangers that nuclear bomb tests posed to the atmosphere and anybody in the vicinity of the testing grounds.
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Rosenbergs
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This refers to the couple, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, who were both found guilty of and executed for conspiracy to commit espionage on June 19, 1953. Their crimes were attempting to pass information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. However, later, it was discovered that, even though Julius was spying for the Soviet Union, his wife, Ethel, had not as much to do with the conspiracy.
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SEATO
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SEATO, an abbreviation for Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, was signed in 1954, and disbanded in 1977. This Treaty organization linked the major European allies with countries in Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, Phillipines), along with Pakistan and Thailand. The purpose of this organization was to make it clear which sides these "third world" nations were on.
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Sputnik
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Sputnik is the first satellite to get into space, launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. This alarmed President Eisenhower that the United States was behind Soviet Russia in Science/Technology, so passed the National Defense Education Act of 1958 and put millions of dollars to make colleges better about teaching sciency stuff.
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Suez Crisis
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The Suez Crisis occurred in Egypt, two years after Gamal Abdel Nasser became the leader of Egypt. Trying to reach an independent medium between the Soviets and the West, Nasser nationalized the Suez canal, the lifeline for Europe's oil. Britain and France invaded, trying to take it back, but, fearing being seen as a hypocrite, Eisenhower demanded they pull back.
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Fair Deal
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The Fair Deal was proposed in 1949 by President Truman to extend the New Deal, which included national health insurance, aid to education, more social security, higher minimum wage, and it also paid attention to civil rights for African Americans. However, just like with Roosevelt's New Deal, the Fair Deal was hampered by conservatives in Congress.
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Geneva Accords
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The Geneva Accords was the name for the treaty that resulted after the French were defeated in Vietnam in 1954. The Accords temporarily divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel and called for elections in two years to unify the nation. However, the United States completely rejected the Accords and supported a new president in Vietnam, foreshadowing the troubles of the Vietnam War.
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George Kennan
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George Kennan, an American democrat, helped develop the idea of the containment strategy in February 1946, in his released "Long Telegram". According to him, the only way that the West could survive this mess was through an uneasy peace; he believed that the Soviet Union was inherently unstable, and would eventually collapse, as long as the Western nations enforced containment against the Soviets in all parts of the world.
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Ho Chi Minh
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Ho Chi Minh was the Communist who emerged as the leader of North Vietnam after the Japanese removed themselves from the nation. However, solely because Minh was a communist, the United States refused his pleas for an independent Vietnam, sided with France in fighting them, and set up a puppet president in South Vietnam.
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House Committee on Un-American Activities
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This committee, long for HUAC, was launched by Texas Congressman Martin Dies in 1938, and helped spark the Red Scare against communism after World War II. The HUAC targeted the American Communist Party and also communism in Hollywood; The "Hollywood Ten", consisting of writers and directors, went to jail for not testifying about past actions. This gave way to McCarthyism, the finale of Anti-Communist cases.
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Hungary--Soviet Invasion; US Response
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Soon after World War II was over, the "Big Three", Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin, held conferences, and Stalin was promised some buffer states in Eastern Europe to go under the Soviet "sphere of influence". However, when Stalin broke his promise to grant the nations a democratic vote, tensions rose; when Stalin took over Hungary and others, without giving them self-determination was the precipitating event of the Cold War.
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Loyalty Oaths
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Loyalty Oaths were set up in the late 1940's to follow Truman's lead and the Loyalty-Security Program, by investigating jobs around America for communist or "subversive" activities. Since Communists had organized labor and civil rights platforms for a long time, several labor unions were expelled, and any communist sympathizers were expelled from Civil rights organizations.
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Loyalty Review Board
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The Loyalty Review Board was set up by President Truman as a part of the Loyalty-Security Program, created by Truman's Executive Order 9835 in March 1947. At the order of Truman, the Loyalty Review Board helped investigate about 2.5 million people working for the federal government, with the purpose of stopping "subversive" activities. The actions of this board showed how much the Red Scare affected American government.
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Marshall Plan
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The Marshall Plan, initially proposed by (and named after) Secretary of State, George Marshall, was the great plan to help Europe climb out of its economic chaos with American capital aid. Even though Congress initially rejected the plan, after Stalin continued to march towards Eastern Europe, the plan was approved in early 1948, and the US ended up sending about $13 billion to Europe.
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NSC-68
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the NSC-68, or National Security Council Report number 68, was a top secret policy paper issued on April 14, 1950, and it significantly shaped the US foreign policy during the Cold War. According to the Report, the policy was to make an increase in containment against communism, while rejecting the policies of friendly détente or aggressive rollback.
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Taft-Hartley Act
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The Taft-Hartley Act was passed in 1947, even over President Truman's veto, and it gave a makeover to the 1935 National Labor Relations Act. This act eroded the purpose of protecting the worker's right to unionize and overall, it "contained" the labor rights movements.
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Truman Doctrine
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President Harry Truman announced the Truman Doctrine in a speech on march 12, 1947, and it asserted the American responsibility "to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures", and he used this doctrine to give aid and support to anti-Soviet groups in Greece and Turkey.
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U2 Incident
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The U-2 incident refers to the day on May 1, 1960, when a USAF U-2 spy plane, piloted by Gary Powers, was shot down in the Soviet Union by a SAM. The United States initially tried to cover up the whole event, but when Soviet authorities captured Powers and other evidence, the United States had to admit the military nature of the mission. This event was an embarrassment to the United States and contributed to damaging its relationship with the Soviet Union.
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United Nations
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The United Nations was established on October 24, 1945, after the "Big Three" agreed upon it. The United Nations was, in part, established to replace the ineffective League of Nations, founded right after World War I. The point of the United Nations was maintain peace all over the world, however, during the cold war years, the stalemate between the United States and Soviet Union often paralyzed the United Nations' abilities. Today, though, the organization has 193 members and is active around the world, especially in Africa.
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Warsaw Pact
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The Warsaw Pact was a military alliance created in 1955, which included Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union. This alliance was created in a reaction against the start of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the two split the continent, inviting the Cold War.