A&P II Chp. 16

25 July 2022
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question
Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of ______. a. insulin b. secretin c. cortisol d. aldosterone
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c. cortisol
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Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ______. a. thyroid gland b. thymus gland c. adrenal medulla d. pancreas
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b. thymus gland
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Virtually all amino acid-base hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular ______. a. nucleotides b. calcium c. deactivating ions d. second messengers
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d. second messengers
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Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus? a. neural b. humoral c. enzymatic d. hormonal
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c. enzymatic
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Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ______. a. enzymes b. antibodies c. hormones d. proteins
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c. hormones
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The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ______. a. runs through the infundibulum b. conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis c. connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland d. is the site of prolactin synthesis
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a. runs through the infundibulum
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Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? a. polycythemia b. polyuria c. polydipsia d. polyphagia
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a. polycythemia
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What can act on receptors inside the target cell that directly activate specific genes? a. growth hormone b. melatonin c. testosterone d. calcitonin
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c. testosterone
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Oxytocin ______. a. exerts its most important effects during menstruation b. release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism c. is an anterior pituitary secretion d. controls milk production
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b. release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) _____. a. promotes dehydration b. increases urine production c. secretion is inhibited by alcohol d. is produced by the anterior pituitary
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c. secretion is inhibited by alcohol
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Which of the following is NOT a type of hormone interaction? a. feedback b. permissiveness c. antagonism d. synergism
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a. feedback
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Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus? a. induces secretory activity b. alters plasma membrane permeability c. stimulates production of an action potential d. activates or deactivates enzymes
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c. stimulates production of an action potential
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Which of the following is NOT a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? a. an increase in enzyme synthesis b. stimulation of mitosis c. a change in membrane potential d. direct control of the nervous system
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d. direct control of the nervous system
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The ability of a specific tissue or organ to the presence of a hormone is dependent on _____. a. nothing, all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific b. the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path c. the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ d. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
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d. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
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The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because____. a. embryonically is was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional b. it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release c. it is unable to fuction as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location d. it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release
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b. it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
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Steroid hormones exert their action by _____. a. binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity b. entering the cell and activating mitochondiral DNA c. entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expresssion of a gene d. activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormooens
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c. entering the nucleus of a cell and activating mitochondrial DNA
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The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by _____. a. synthesizing more than one hormone at a time b. binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP c. increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ d. altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA
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b. binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
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Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ______. a. during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorlate many other enzymes b. there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane c. the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time d. the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized into functional amino acids
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a. during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
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Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ______. a. peptide hormones are converted by cell membranes enzymes into second messengers b. G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers c. the hormone receptor complex moves into they cytoplasm as a unit d. hormones alter cellular operations through direct stimulation of a gene
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b. G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
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Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enter target cells in a manner similar to ____. a. steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells b. glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone c. insulin, because insulin is a small peptide d. growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone
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a. steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
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Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland? a. adrenocorticotrpic hormone (ACTH) b. growth hormone c. luteinizing hormone d. follicle-stimulating hormone
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b. growth hormone
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One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? a. carbohydrate oxidation b. protein synthesis c. catabolic inhibition d. humoral stimulation
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d. humoral stimulation
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The major targets of growth hormone are _____. a. bones and skeletal muscles b. the liver and gall bladder c. the adrenal glands d. the blood vessels
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a. bones and skeletal muscles
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Which of the following is NOT a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium? a. inhibition of calcitonin synthesis b. increased intestinal absorption of calcium ions c. increased calcium ion re-absorption by the kidneys d. activation of osteoclasts
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a. inhibition of calcitonin synthesis
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Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ____. a. testosterone b. estrogen c. epinephrine d. cortisol
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d. cortisol
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Leptin is secreted by ____. a. adipose cells b. fibroblasts c. goblet cells d. lymphocytes
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a. adipose cells
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The most important mineralocorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ____. a. cortisol b. insulin c. glucagon d. aldosterone
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d. aldosterone
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Which of the following is NOT a steroid-based hormone? a. estrogen b. cortisol c. epinephrine d. aldosterone
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c. epinephrine
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The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ______. a. thyroid hormone b. gonadotropic hormones c. calcitonin d. parathyroid hormone
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d. parathyroid hormone
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Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messengers systems include _____. a. possible activation of several different second-messenger systems b. hormone binding to intracellular receptors c. cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger d. formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates
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a. possible activation of several different second-messenger systems
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Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus _____. a. enter the hepatic portal system, which feed the pituitary b. first enter into the hypophyseal portal system c. enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary d. travel by arteries to the pituitary
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b. first enter the hypophyseal portal system
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ____. a. causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla b. is secreted by the posterior pituitary c. is not a tropic hormone d. secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone
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d. secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory horomone
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Aldosterone _____. a is secreted by the posterior pituitary b. presence increases postassium concentration in the blood c. production is greatly influenced by ACTH d. functions to increase sodium re-absorption
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d. function to increase sodium re-absorption
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Which organ does NOT produce hormones? a. heart b. spleen c. kidney d. skin
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b. spleen
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In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ____. a. a stressor reaction b. sensitivity increase c. up-regulation d. cellular affinity
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c. up-regulation
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Eicosanoids do NOT include _____. a. leukotrienes b. prostaglandins c. hydrocortisones d. paracrines
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c. hydrocortisones
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A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle-stimulation hormone (FSH), and for this reason he ma be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. a. a hormone made in the anterior pituitary cannot influence fertility b. the man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH c. FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes d. FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarion cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males
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c. FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes
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Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? a. it is very specific in the cell type it targets b. it is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells c. it causes positive feedback d. it does not require a second messenger to cause a response
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d. it does not require a second messenger to cause a response
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How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? a. by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure b. by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin c. by releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response d. by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure
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a. by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
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What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-based hormones? a. sodium b. calcium c. iron d. chlorine
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b. calcium
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John tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from diet. You explain to him that cholesterol is important. Which of the following hormones are synthesized from cholesterol? a. testosterone b. thyroxine c. oxytocin d. growth hormone
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a. testoterone
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Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts? a. oxytocin b. estrogen c. progesterone d. prolactin
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d. prolactin
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Bisphenol- A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor that can leach out of certain plastics. It disrupts the normal function of the endocrine system by mimicking estrogen. Which of the following explains how persistent small amounts of BPA in the body can have effects? a. lock-and-key b. up-regulation c. down-regulation d. half-life
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b. up-regulation
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The parathyroid glands respond to which type of stimulus? a. hormonal b. humoral c. neural d. positive
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b. humoral
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Dave has discovered a new lipid-soluble hormone. Which of the following is true regarding this hormone? a. can be stored in secretory vesicles b. will be bound to a transport protein in the blood c. receptor will be located on the plasma membrane d. will likely act through a second-messenger system
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b. will be bound to a transport protein in the blood
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During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level? a. thyroxine b. glucagon c. insulin d. aldosterone
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b. glucagon
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Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11 pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement could be administered to help adujust to the new time zone? a. glucagon b. insulin c. growth hormone d. melatonin
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d. melatonin
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At age 85, Lyle's immune system does not respond to vaccines as well as it did when he was younger. The atrophy of which endocrine gland is likely responsible for this? a. thyroid b. thymus c. adrenal d. anterior pituitary
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b. thymus
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Johanna is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth places ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended? a. cortisol b. thyroid stimulating hormone c. parathyroid hormone d. growth hormone
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d. growth hormone
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As a result of stress the anterior pituitary releases _____, which stimulated release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats. a. ADH b. ACTH c. growth hormone d. thyroid stimulating hormone
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b. ACTH