AP Human Geography Chapter 11 Vocab: Agriculture

the production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers

the deliberate tending of crops and livestock to produce food, feed, and fiber

activities that involve those products closest to the ground (such as agriculture, ranching, hunting, gathering, fishing, forestry, mining, and quarrying)

activities that take a primary product and manufactures it or changes it (into things like toys, ships, processed foods, chemicals, and buildings

activities that provides the market exchange of goods and that bring together consumers and providers of services such as retail, transportation, government, personal, and professional services

economic activities concerned with research, information gathering, and administration

most advanced form of quaternary activities consisting of high level decision making for large corporations or high-level scientific research

genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention

crops that are reproduced by cultivating either the roots or cuttings from the plants

crops that are reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants

dating back 10,000 years, it achieved plant domestication and animal domestication

genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control

self sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology & emphasizes food production for local consumption, not trade

cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning. These clearings are usually abandoned after a few years in favor of newly cleared forestland. Also known as slash-and-burn agriculture

another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris

dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce; composed of a series of innovations, improvements, and techniques in Great Britain, the Netherlands, Denmark, and other neighboring countries

a model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market

currently in progress, it has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's)

the recently successful development of higher- yield, fast-growing varieties of rice and other cereals in certain developing countries, which led to increased production per unit area and a dramatic narrowing of the gap between population growth and food needs

crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods

also called the Public Land Survey, the system was used by the US Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The system divides land into a series of rectangular parcels

a rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the US interior

a system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. It is a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Because of the imprecise nature of this type of surveying, the U.S. Land Office Survey abandoned the technique in favor of the rectangular survey system

distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Luisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals

right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son

term used to describe large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor fores, and the latest technology

dependence on a single agricultural commodity

developed by Wladimir Köppen, a system for classifying the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation

areas of the world with similar climatic characteristics

production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives

non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco

the raising of domesticated animals for the produciton of meat and byproducts (leather, wool)

specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails

general term for the businesses that provide the vast array of goods and services that support the agriculture industry

the killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance

growing crops and feed and livestock all on the same farm

the trend toward increased cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world

wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value

type of agriculture that requires large levels of manual labor to be successful

form of agriculture that uses mechanical goods such as machinery, tools, vehicles, and facilities to produce large amounts of agricultural goods-a process requiring very little human labor

a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land

consists of any agricultural economy in which the crops and/or animals are used nearly exclusively for local or family consumption on large areas of land and minimal labor input per acre

characterized by or calling for continued sitting; remaining in one place

a way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water

supplying land with water through a network of canals

huge farms that required a large labor force to grow crops