CH. 9 GEOG 201

25 July 2022
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pastoral nomadism
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-a type of agriculture that is adapted to dry climates and is based on the herding of livestock
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what dominates the food production process?
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transnational corporations
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seed hearths
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places where we domesticated plants (ex. mesopotamia, aztec empire, inca empire)
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arctic climates
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-will not allow for cultivation -domesticate reindeer
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alpine climates
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-will support grasses, livestock, and dairy
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cold/cool climates
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allow for most grain crops
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humid sub-tropical climates
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will support large variety of crops
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tropical climates
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will support many "exotic" fruits
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shifting agriculture
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-practiced in humid tropics -mix of crops grown in a small area for a short period of time (1-3 years)
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intensive subsistence
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-practiced in temperate and warm climates -work done mostly by hand and not machines
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who is the father of green revolution?
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norman borlaug
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technology transfer initiatives
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-norman borlaug worked with rockefeller foundation -invited to mexico in 1940's -philippines in 1960 -india in 1961 (rice yields from 2 tons per hectare to 6 tons per hectare) -green revolution really took off in developing world -borlaug credited with saving 1 billion people from starvation
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green revolution
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-1940s-1960s -new technologies increase in world production of food (grains, fruit, vegetables) -development of new techniques (irrigation, nitrogen fixing, etc.) -application of new technologies (machinery, plant variations, etc.) -creation and use of fertilizers and pesticides -led to dramatic increase in crop yields
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biodiversity
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variety of life in an ecosystem or on earth as a whole (measured by number of different species inhabiting a given area)
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industrial agriculture impacts biodiversity by ___________________ and _____________
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-expanding into areas that were formerly "wild" -shrinking the variety of domesticated "seed stocks"
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seed banks
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try to guard against loss of crop diversity
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food justice
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-all people have the right to healthy food -final access to food -focuses on low income black and latino communities -east new york farms
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local food
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small scale, individual
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food sovereignty
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-all people have the right to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods -national scale -focuses on peasant orgs and agrarian reform movements -la via campesina (land occupations, largest pesant movement)
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alice waters
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founded a restaurant Chez Panisse that caused a revolution in the way people buy food (farmers markets instead of grocery stores)
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industrial agriculture has tended to ____________________
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increase soil erosion and deplete nutrients around the world
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industrial agriculture has impacted _____________________
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lakes, streams, and rivers
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the "greenhouse gas effect" occurs when
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GHG's allow light energy to enter the atmosphere and then prevent heat energy from escaping back into space
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subsistence agriculture
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a system in which agriculturalists consume most of what they produce
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commercial agriculture
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a system in which farmers produce crops and animals primarily for sale rather than for direct consumption by themselves and their families
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shifting cultivation
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farmers aim to maintain soil fertility by rotating the fields they cultivate
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crop rotation
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method of maintaining of soil fertility in which the fields under cultivation remain the same but the crop being planted is changed
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slash-and-burn
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system of cultivation in which plants are cropped close to the ground, left to dry for a period, and then ignited
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what was the last film we watched?
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years of living dangerously episode 1
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counter urbanization
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when cities experience a net loss of population to smaller tourisms and rural areas
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intertillage
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practice of mixing different seeds and seedlings in the same swidden
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intensive subsistence agriculture
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a practice involving the effective and efficient use of a small parcel of land to maximize crop yield
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pastoralism
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the breeding and herding of animals to satisfy the human needs for food, shelter, and clothing
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transhumance
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the movement of herds according to seasonal rhythms: warmer, lowland areas in the winter, cooler highland areas in the summer
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food manufacturing
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adds economic value to agricultural products through a range of treatments occurring off the farm and before the products reach the market
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agricultural industrialization
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the process whereby the farm has moved from being the centerpiece of agricultural production to being one part of an integrated multilevel industrial process that includes production, storage, processing, distribution, marketing, and retailing
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green revolution 2
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export of a technological package of fertilizers and high yielding seeds from the core to the periphery to increase global agricultural productivity
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borlaug hypothesis
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states that becuase global food demand is on the rise, restricting crop usage to traditional low yield methods (such as organic farming) requires either the world population to decrease or the further conversion of forest land into cropland
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blue revolution
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affected world fisheries by introducing larger and more sophisticated vessels into wild fisheries and expanded the capacities of aquaculture
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nontraditional agricultural exports
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new export crops that contrast with traditional exports
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biorevolution
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the genetic engineering of plants and animals and has the potential to outstrip the productivity increases of the green revolution
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biopharming
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genes from other life forms are inserted into host plants
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globalized agriculture
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export of a technological package of fertilizers and high yielding seeds from the core to the periphery to increase global agricultural productivity
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conventional farming
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uses chemicals in the form of plant protectants and fertilizers and intensive, hormone-based practices to breed and raise animals
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urban agriculture
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the establishment or performance of agricultural practices in or near an urban or city like setting
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undernutrition
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the inadequate intake of one or more nutrients and/or of calories
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malnutrition
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the condition that develops when the body does not get the right amount of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients it needs to maintain healthy tissues and organ function
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food security
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assured access to enough food at all times to ensure active and healthy lives
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biofuels
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renewable fuels derived from biological materials that can be regenerated
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Many citizens of Myanmar/Burma want to learn additional languages to improve their job opportunities. What other factors are fueling the focus on learning new languages?
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Myanmar/Burma's newly relaxed travel restrictions, along with an interest in other countries, has resulted in the desire among its citizens to learn more international languages.
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What is a polyglot state?
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A state with a population that speaks more than one language
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In addition to English, what other languages are the youth of Myanmar/Burma interested in studying?
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Korean, Japanese and Mandarin
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Why is Myanmar/Burma projected to have a $200 billion economy by 2030?
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With recent political changes it is expected that foreign companies will set up operations in Myanmar/Burma to take advantage of the country's more open economy and more democratic government.
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How has the number of Christians in Bethlehem changed in recent years?
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Once an overwhelmingly Christian town, Bethlehem is now less than 20 percent Christian.
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What is the significance to Christianity of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?
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It is the purported site of the resurrection of Jesus.
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Why did Israeli Ambassador to the United States Oren believe that Christians are leaving the West Bank
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Christian communities are living under duress as a result of Islamic extremism.
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Why does journalist Ari Shavit believe that that Christians are leaving the West Bank?
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Christians have become "collateral damage" in clashes between Jews and Muslims.
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Who controls the West Bank today?
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Israel
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What was the intent of Mahmoud's attack on the Somnath?
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Some accounts are that Mahmoud attacked for religious reasons, others are that it was to loot the temple.
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What type of landform feature is the Thar?
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desert
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What is Delhi's giant minaret?
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Part of the first mosque in India built by Muslim conquerors.
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Where are millions of recent immigrants coming to Australia from?
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Asia, particularly China and India
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Unlike most immigrants, how has a group of Muslim women engaged in the Australian way of life?
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They have formed an Aussie Rules Football team.
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What is noteworthy about the beach where the Muslim women were gathered?
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It was the location of a series of race-related riots.
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How did the Muslim women view themselves within Australian society?
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Despite racism being an issue, they view themselves as being Australian.
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Bangladesh has more than 700 rivers. What is the name of the country's primary river?
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The primary river in Bangladesh is the Padma River.
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What technique do the men in the villages of Bangladesh use to catch their fish?
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The fishermen in the villages of Bangladesh fish using otters.
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Bangladesh's natural increase rate is high; how many people are added to the population in this country each year?
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Bangladesh gains 2 million additional people per year.
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In Bangladesh life revolves around the water. What percent of this delta country floods each year?
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Approximately 60 percent of Bangladesh floods each year.
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Over 50 percent of China's population is now urban, with millions more leaving the farms every year because of low pay. How is China currently addressing the issue of increased urbanization and fewer farms?
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China is now allowing more agricultural imports.
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The Chinese government wants its farmers to focus on what type of agriculture?
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Cash crops
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Most Chinese farmers today are __________.
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elderly men and women
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With its enormous population, the Chinese government believes it must grow certain grains to provide food security for its people. This would entail domestic production as a means to meet the country's food demands. What three crops are vital to China's food security?
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Wheat, rice and corn
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Why do farmers apply nitrogen to their fields in the spring and fall?
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Nitrogen provides nutrients to the plants for the coming growing season.
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From where do the majority of the nutrients found in the northern Gulf of Mexico originate?
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Farms located in the American Midwest
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Why is the northern Gulf of Mexico described as a "dead zone"?
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Nutrient enrichment starts a chain of events that depletes the water of oxygen, making it difficult for aquatic life to survive.
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Why have local nutrient reduction strategies been slow to be implemented?
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Farming is a business and nutrient reduction likely will not occur unless there is a clear economic benefit to doing so.
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Why are researchers exploring the use of the radish as a cover crop?
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It may be able to conserve most fall-applied nitrogen on the same fields where it is applied, thus preventing nutrient runoff.
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What is the most pressing environmental issue facing agricultural producers today in both the core and the periphery?
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soil degradation and denudation
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How much of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation reaches Earth's surface?
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little of the ultraviolet radiation
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What is another name for the ozone layer?
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ozonosphere
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How is ozone formed in the stratosphere?
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Ultraviolet radiation breaks apart molecules made up of paired oxygen atoms. Individual oxygen atoms bond with paired oxygen molecules to form ozone.
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What is ozone?
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a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms
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How does ultraviolet radiation cause ozone depletion?
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Ultraviolet radiation breaks down CFC, a molecule containing chlorine. Chlorine then breaks one oxygen atom away from ozone, leaving behind a paired oxygen molecule.
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What would happen to the oxygen atoms in ozone if the ozone layer were completely destroyed by ultraviolet radiation?
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The oxygen atoms would be bound together in pairs.
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In general, which two factors determine the overall temperature of Earth's atmosphere?
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radiation coming into and radiation going out of Earth's atmosphere
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In general, what is the difference between the energy that comes into Earth from the Sun and the energy that Earth emits back to space?
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wavelength
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Which three gases are most important on Earth for inhibiting the release of longwave radiation back into space?
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water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane
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The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon. Human activity has ___________ the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the past 250 years.
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increased
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Global warming is _________________.
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the warming of Earth's atmosphere primarily caused by the production of greenhouse gases due to human activity
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After oil, what is the second most traded commodity in the world?
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coffee
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What percentage of the price of a cup of coffee sold in a coffeehouse do coffee farmers receive?
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Less than 1 percent
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What is at the heart of the crisis in the coffee industry today?
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overproduction
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How does the rapid expansion of coffee production affect its quality?
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Overall quality is reduced due to poor processing methods.
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What is one downside to the coffee production method used in Ethiopia?
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Coffee is more expensive.
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What may be the best solution for combating the declining trends of coffee consumption?
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Produce a higher-quality product.
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How has Brazil been able to increase its income from coffee production?
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by selling more coffee to Brazilians
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Why is it difficult for farmers to switch from coffee to other crops?
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Switching to other crops is expensive.
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Currently, Fair Trade accounts for _____ of the current global coffee market.
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1 percent
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What is the purpose of the Fair Trade system?
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to secure fixed prices for farmers and ensure high-quality products
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Which agricultural revolution emanated from North America?
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the third
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GMO stands for __________.
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genetically modified organism
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Which of the following is an example of aquaculture? Growing tilapia in Thailand for export to the United States Oyster farming for the harvesting of pearls in Japan Farming shrimp in Brazil to be consumed by the military Raising crayfish in Virginia to sell to fine dining establishments in Washington, D.C. All of these are examples of aquaculture.
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all of the above
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Which of the following inputs is essential to the Green Revolution? Traditional seed varieties Crop-rotation Fertilizers Use of a horse-drawn plow Increased need for human labor
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fertilizers
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Which of the following statements about the Green Revolution is accurate? The Green Revolution failed to lead to any increases in grain production until the 1980s. The Green Revolution led to a great deal of unemployment in many areas. The Green Revolution was easily implemented in Africa because of that continent's rich soils and well-developed irrigation system. The Green Revolution was a miserable failure that caused more famine than it resolved. The Green Revolution successfully eliminated world hunger.
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The Green Revolution led to a great deal of unemployment in many areas.
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Subsistence agriculture involves ___________.
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consuming all that one produces
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Field drainage systems, fertilizers, increased use of horses, and improved livestock yields are characteristics of which agricultural revolution?
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the second
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Which of the following is considered to be a critical factor behind a region's vulnerability to famine? Falling energy prices Population decline Drought Migration Increase in the number of traditional farmers
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drought
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The text identifies several major changes that have occurred in agriculture over the past five decades. Which of the following is one of these changes? The widespread return to traditional methods of farming A decreased reliance on mechanization and technological innovations Agriculture has experienced all of the aforementioned changes. An decrease in the number of people employed in farming worldwide A more localized agricultural system worldwide
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a decrease in the number of people employed in farming worldwide
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Which type of cultivation is usually practiced in tropical forests?
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shifting
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Organic farming ___________.
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has recently grown in popularity because of a number of food scares
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Identify the process whereby the farm moves from a focus solely on production, to a focus on becoming part of an integrated and vertically organized process that encompasses everything from growing a product to placing it on the supermarket shelf.
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Agricultural industrialization
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Which of the following is not a type of subsistence agriculture? Intensive subsistence Pastoralism Shifting cultivation Commercial agriculture All of the above are forms of subsistence agriculture.
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Commercial agriculture
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Which of the following statements about biotechnology is accurate? Biotechnology refers to a return to traditional methods of farming and seed varieties. Cloned plants are more susceptible to disease than are natural ones. Most agricultural industries are opposed to biotechnology. Plants grown through biotechnology require fewer chemical inputs. Biotechnology requires only a minimal capital investment for farmers.
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Cloned plants are more susceptible to disease than are natural ones.
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Which of the following processes play a role in the globalization of agriculture? Political and economic forces occurring at all scales Global finance and trade regimes Integrated, globally organized agro-production All of these responses are correct. None of these responses is correct.
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all of the above
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Swidden-type agricultural land ___________.
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has been burned to put nutrients into the soil
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Urban agriculture is ____________.
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a growing movement in core countries
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What is a locavore?
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A person who consumes food from farms located no greater than 100 miles from the point of distribution
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Which of the following is considered a force leading to the world obesity epidemic? Increasing use of bicycles Physically demanding jobs Increase in household income Traditional cooking techniques Urban to rural migration
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increase in household income
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Which of the following is an impact of the production and consumption of fast food? Greater convenience for consumers Loss of biodiversity Loss of topsoil Increased child obesity All of these responses are correct.
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all of the above