Anatomy And Physiology 1 Exam 1

study of structure and form; derived from Greek word Anatome which means to cut apart or dissect; Anatomists study structure and form of organims studying the relationships among parts of the body and the structure of individual organs

the study of function of the body parts; physiologists examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances as well as how their functions are altered with medication or disease

microscopic- structures that cannot be observed to the unaided eye (cytology- study of body cells and their internal structure; histology- study of tissues) gross anatomy- structures that can be observed to the unaided eye,; macroscopic (systemic anatomy- anatomy of each body system; regional anatomy- examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit)

discipline concerned with developmental changes occuring from conception to birth

examines similarities and differences of anatomy and physiology of different species

relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system

organization- each organism has a complex structure and order metabolism- the sum of all chemical reactions to occur within a body; anabolism (smaller molecules form larger) and catabolism (larger molecules are broken down to smaller) growth and development- each organism assimilates materials from its environment and often grows and develops responsiveness- ability to sense and react to stimuli regulation- ability to adjust or direct internal bodily function in the face of environmental changes- homeostasis- ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment

chemical level- consists of atoms, molecules, macromolecules, and organelles cell level- consists of cells, made up of structures and molecules from chemical level tissue level- made up of tissues which are made of cells organ level- made up of organs made up of 2-3 tissue types that work together for specific, complex functions organ system level- organs that work together to coordinate activities and acheive a common function

in front of

in back of

on the backside of the human body

on the belly side of the human body

closer to the head

closer to the feet

on the inside

on the outside

refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment or "steady state"; for example if the body gets hot due to external temperature, the body maintains a steady state by circulating more blood toward the surface to facilitate heat loss; nervous system regulating blood pressure when you get out of bed in the morning receptor- detects changes in variable; either substance or process stimulus control center - interprets input from the receptor and initiates change through the effector; parathyroid hormone monitors calcium levels effector- structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus; muscles in the lungs that bring air flow

set point-- what is normal action occurs that reinforces the response; mother breast feeds baby: suckling causes receptors to signal to hypothalamus to release oxytocin causing breast tissue to produce milk

detecting a change and then initiating the opposite response to return to the set point (if it's hot, bringing heat to the surface of the skin so the body loses heat, if cold withdrawing blood to vessels, skeletal muscles shiver, no sweat, withdraw foot when stepping on glass)

protons (+1 charge), nuetrons, and electrons (very little weight) atomic number is based on protons amu is based on protons and nuetrons

ionic bond- bond that transfers electrons, stronger; form salts covalent bond- bond that shares electrons, weaker, can be single, double, triple; form molecular compounds

Oxygen (65%), Carbon(18), Hydrogen (10), Nitrogen (3), Calcium, Phosphorous,

positively charged ion

negatively charged ion

substances that both dissolve and dissociate in water that create electric currents

molecules that contain carbon

type of organic molecule made up of fatty acids and steroids; water insoluble triglycerides- (H2CO)3 (3 glycerol and fatty acid chains (H2C)n ) phospholipids- phosphate, various organic molecules, glycerol, and fatty acids steroids- like cholesterol, 4 hydrocarbon rings eicosanoids- 20 carbons, arachidonic acid

hydrated carbon--nearly every carbon is attached to a water molecule

carbohydrate simple sugars with between 3 and 7 carbon atoms, ex: glucose C6H12O6, galactose, fructose, ribose and deoxyribose (5 carbon sugars)

carbohydrates made with two monosaccharides (sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), maltose (malt sugar)

carbohydrates made of three or more monosaccharides (glycon in humans, and starch and cellulose in animals)

made up of glucose and fructose

glucose and glucose

galactose and glucose

macromolecules that store or transfer genetic and heriditary information in cells; ex) RNA and DNA, both made up of nucleotide monomers, bonded together covalently in phosphodiester bonds

made up of phosphate group (attached to carbon 3), 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base (attached to carbon 1)

single ring nitrogenous base: cytosine, uricil, thymine

double ring nitrogenous base: adenine, guanine

equation for respiration, CO2 is exhaled, H2O mostly used in the body

polymers that are made of amino acid monomers with an amine and carboxylic acid functional group, amino acids bond together with peptide bonds (dehydration reaction OH- from carboxylic acid, H from amine group

proteins with a carbohydrate attached

linear sequence of amino acids in a protein

shows beta pleated sheets and alpha helices

3d shape, globular or fibrous protein

shown in some complex proteins; two or more proteins associate to form a final protein

donates H+

donates OH-

energy of motion

energy of the position

lower activation energy in chemical reactions, subtrate enters active site, induced fit occurs, enzyme stressed substrate bonds, lowering activation energy and facilitating the chemical reaction to occur

forms the outer limiting barrier separating the internal contents of the cell from the external environment; made up of phospholipid bilayer,

largest structure within the cell and is enclosed by a nuclear envelope. Contains genetic material, DNA, the fluid within the nucleus is called the nucleoplasm, nucleolos is dark staining body

all cellular contents between the nucleus and cell membrane

intracellular fluid, high water content

little organs- complex organized structures within cells; unique charecteristic shapes and functions

net movement of substance from where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated

assists small solutes that are charge or polar into the cell past the phospholipid bilayer; occurs through channel mediated diffusion- water filled protein channels; carrier diffusion- assisted by carrier proteins

the passive movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane; occurs to even out concentrations in and out of cell

opposes the movement of solutes by diffusion and prevents the distribution of dissolved substances from reaching equilibrium; moves a substance against a concentration gradient Ex) sodium potassium pump- ion pump concentration gradients- moves Na+ continuously out the cell and K+ into the cell; must expend ATP to do this; maintains electrochemical gradient which gives cell potential energy

the cytosol and the solution have the same relative concentration

the solution has a lower concentration of solutes and there is a higher concentration of water then in the cytosol--- entry of water into the cell occurs lysis can occur

higher concentration of solutes and thus a lower concentration of water than in the cytosol-- water will leave the cell; crenation- cell shrinkage

synport- same direction, antiport- different direction; mvement of Na+ or K+ with its gradient provides enough energy to move substance in either direction

the cellular uptake of large substances or large amounts of substances from the external environment into the cell; used for digestion; pocket in cell membrane occurs to take in vessible that forms on cell surfuce- this is called invagination

the means by which either large substances are secreted from the cell; macromolecules like proteins and polysaccharides are too large to be moved across the membrane even with the assistance of transport protieins; intracellular transport vessicles; vessicle fuses with plasma membrane to release contents

cellular drinking; occurs when the cell internalizes droplets of interstital fluid that contain dissolved solutes; multiple small vesicles are formed to come into the interstital fluid; nonspecific-- all solutes in the droplet are taken into the cell

cellular eating-- occurs when a cell engulfs or captures a large particle external to the cell by forming pseudopodia (false feet) to surround the particle

movement of small, nonpolar particles through the plasma membrane; little energy needed

extensive interconnected membrane network that varies in shape and separates fluid within the membrane structure from the cytosol; serves as a place for ribosomes to attach (Rough Er) or not (smooth ER)

modifies, packages and sorts materials that arrive from the ER in transport vesicles, forms secretory vesicles and lysosomes; made up of cisternae

spherical shaped membrane bound sacs that transport cellular matterial

spherical shaped organelles bound by membrranes that contain digestive enzymes; digest damaged organelles (autophagy); when a cell is damaged or dies, the lysosomes digest the molecular components of the cell itself-- called autolysis

double membrane bound organelles containing a circular strand of DNA that has genes for producing mitochondrial proteins: synthesize most ATP during aerobic cellular respiration by digestion of fuel molecules (glucose, fatty acids) in presence of oxygen; powerhouse of the cell

organelles composed of both ribosomal RNA and proteins ; bound to a membrane or free in the cytosol; engage in protein synthesis--- bound ribosomes produce proteins that are secreted into cytosol and free ribosomes produce all other proteins

maintains cell interstructural suppost; made up of filaments

amorphous region adjacent to nucleus; contains a pair of centrioles; organizes microtubules within the cytoskeleton

barrel shaped proteins that digest other proteins that are damaged or no longer needed; signaled by ubiquitin: use ATP

aggregates of specific molecules-- temporary storage

formed in ER or through fission-- detoxify substances through oxidation enzymes; important in liver to detoxify alcohol and other substances; work through beta oxidization-- creates CoA

projections from the cell; cilia move mucus in respiratory passageway; flagella propel cells (sperm)

thin microscopic membrane extensions; small intestine surface area to absorb nutrients

to provide an orderly arrangement between cells these form between adjacent cells (tight junction- completely attaches each cell to neighbors; forces substances to move through, not between cell tissues)

RNA synthesis;formation of a ribonucleic acid copy of a gene from DNA in the nucleus DNA is unwound; RNA polymerase attaches to promotor region of DNA; RNA polymerase assists to synthesize mRNA so the base pairs bond coordiniately with hydrogen bonds; RNA polymerase reaches terminal region of gene, DNA rewinds into double helix; RNA is copied from template strand making a complementary strand; RNA copies the coding strand

uses RNA for the synthesis of the protein by ribosomes in the cytoplasm; tRNA brings over amino acids to mRNA to synthesize the protein, initiation, elongation, termination

bonds with C

bonds with U (RNA) or T (DNA)

protection, regulates heat (sweating), detecting stimuli, balance of water, synthesis of vitamin D and oils, immune function

epidermis, dermis (papillary, reticular), subcutaneous layer (below the integument)

muscle that alters hair position

works with dermal papillae in the dermis to merge dermis and epidermis; dermal papillae deliver nutrients to epidermis and monitors touch of the epidermis

contains network of blood vessels, hair follicles, sabaceous glands, sweat glands, and nerves surrounded by collagen

simple coiled sweat glands, thermal regulation

discharges sweat into hair follicle, active in pubic and underarm regions, become active during puberty

discharges oil to keep skin and hair from drying out

caused by vitamin D deficiency (children in factories), weight caused poorly developed bones to assume a bowlegged appearance

bone loss due to aging, more common in caucasian women due to lower bone density, maintaining good calcium and vitamin D

dwarfism; caused by mutation in DNA replication or inherited gene, long bones stop growing, large head, short limbs, curved spine, abnormal conversion of hyaline cartilage to bone

Process of transforming cartilage into bone.

bones growth within a membrane: the mesenchyme (site of the future dermis), starts during the 8th week of development, produces flat bones in skull, face, and clavicle, begins when mesenchyme thickens, cells develop into osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts, calcification (turns cells into osteocytes), woven bone, then lammellar bone (spongey and compact bone)

(somatrotropin) stimulates liver to produce hormone somatomedin, resulting in cartilage proliferation at epiphyseal plate and resulting bone elongation

stimulates bone growth by stimulating metabolic rate of osteoblasts until puberty

(estrogen and testosterone) begin to be secreted in large amounts at puberty and dramatically acclerate bone growth; ends growth at epiphyseal plate since bone growth replaces cartilage growth so all cartilage is replaced by bone

steroids that impair bone growth in chronically high levels, increase bone loss

inhibits osteoprogenitor cells from differentiating into osteoblasts when there are chronically high levels of serotonin`

parathyroid releases PTH; vitamin D converted to calcitroil; work synergistically to release calcium from the bone to the blood; reduce calcium loss into urine in kidneys, release calcium from small intestine into blood; Maintaining calcium homeostasis

inhibits osteoclasts (bone loss), stimulates loss of calcium from urine

long bone's growth in length; dependent on epiphyseal plate; growth is due to growth in hyaline cartilage that ossifies to bone; rate of epiphyseal catilage slows and eventually ends as we age and osteoblast activity increases

occurs within the periosteum; circumferential lamallae develop in the bone (like tree rings); medullary cavity forms in center

bones replaced regularly eveery few years, mechanical stress through exercise causes bone growth

stem cells, multiply through mitosis (1 progenitor, one osteoblast)

secret initial bone matrix osteoid; hardened bone; become trapped in the matrix they create and become osteocytes

mature bone cells that have lost their bone forming ability when they become trapped by calcified osteoid; signal osteocyes when bone is stressed

involved in breaking down bone called resorption