Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.
glycolysis → citric acid cycle → acetyl CoA → electron transport chain
electron transport chain → citric acid cycle → glycolysis → acetyl CoA
acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis
citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis → acetyl CoA
glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
answer
glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
question
What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy
6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 CO2
C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 → 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
C6H12O6 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 6 O2 + ATP energy
answer
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy
question
Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
electron transport chain
ATP production by ATP synthase
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
acetyl CoA formation
answer
glycolysis
question
In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?
chloroplast
lysosome
nucleus
Golgi apparatus
mitochondrion
answer
mitochondrion
question
Which statement describes glycolysis?
This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.
This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose.
This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.
This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA.
This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.
answer
This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.
question
Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?
This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA.
This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.
This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.
This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose.
This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.
answer
This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.
question
Which statement describes the electron transport chain?
This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.
This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.
This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.
This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA.
This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose.
answer
This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.
question
Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin?
vitamin D
vitamin K
vitamin B
vitamin A
answer
vitamin B
question
________ are considered "bad" cholesterol; high blood levels are believed to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Chylomicrons
LDLs
VLDLs
HDLs
answer
LDLs
question
Which of the following is NOT an essential role of the liver?
urea disposal
carbohydrate metabolism
protein metabolism
biotransformation functions
answer
urea disposal
question
__________ is the energy (kilocalories consumed) that the body uses to perform only its most essential activities.
The basal metabolic rate
Chemical thermogenesis
Food-induced thermogenesis
Total metabolic rate
answer
The basal metabolic rate
question
__________ is the key hormone regulator of the postabsorptive state.
Cortisol
Parathyroid hormone
Glucagon
Insulin
answer
Glucagon
question
Which of these happens during the postabsorptive state?
Blood glucose levels are maintained within an adequate range.
Glycogen is formed.
Fat reserves are built.
Glucose is broken down in the liver.
answer
Blood glucose levels are maintained within an adequate range.
question
Ammonia, which is a byproduct of protein metabolism, is converted to __________ primarily in the __________.
ketones; liver
ketones; kidney
urea; kidney
urea; liver
answer
urea; liver
question
Which nutrients function primarily as an energy source for cells?
minerals
electrolytes
carbohydrates
vitamins
answer
carbohydrates
question
__________ refers to reactions in which small molecules are used to build larger molecules.
Catabolism
Carboxylation
Metabolism
Anabolism
answer
Anabolism
question
Most ATP in cellular respiration is regenerated in substrate level phosphorylation.
True
False
answer
false
question
What is the primary function of cellular respiration?
to metabolize nutrients
to regenerate ATP
to produce proteins
to oxidize glucose
answer
to regenerate ATP
question
Glycogenesis occurs when ATP levels are high and glucose is abundant.
True
False
answer
true
question
Which of the following is NOT an end product of the citric acid cycle?
CO2
NADH
citric acid
FADH2
answer
citric acid
question
Which nutrient molecule CANNOT be used in the oxidative pathways?
protein
cholesterol
fatty acids
glucose
answer
cholesterol
question
Which of the following nutrients is NOT matched with its use in the body?
carbohydrates: hormones
proteins: structural materials in the body
lipids: major energy source for skeletal muscle and hepatocytes
vitamins: act as coenzymes
answer
carbohydrates: hormones
question
A growing child is likely to exhibit negative nitrogen balance.
True
False
answer
False
question
Examine this reaction:
If there is the normal amount of amylase present but less disaccharidase than usual, which of the following would most likely happen?
No starch could be broken down to disaccharides.
There would be less disaccharide and less monosaccharide produced.
The normal amount of disaccharide would be produced, but fewer monosaccharides would be produced.
There would be no overall impact because the normal amount of amylase is present.
answer
The normal amount of disaccharide would be produced, but fewer monosaccharides would be produced.
question
Examine the reaction below, and then answer the question.
A+B⟶Enzyme1C+D⟶Enzyme2E+F⟶Enzyme3G+H
Absence of which enzyme would cause the greatest reduction in the production of G and H?
Enzyme 1
Enzyme 2
Enzyme 3
Absence of any of the enzymes would have the same effect—decrease or block the production of G and H.
answer
Absence of any of the enzymes would have the same effect—decrease or block the production of G and H.
question
What serves as the energy source for the proton pumps in oxidative phosphorylation?
Manufacture of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
electrons passing from transfer molecules to oxygen
glycolysis
oxidation of oxygen
the Krebs cycle
answer
electrons passing from transfer molecules to oxygen
question
Which of the following molecules is most directly involved in the transfer of energy from food to the proton pumps depicted in this figure?
Manufacture of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
ADP
oxygen
ATP
NADH
answer
NADH
question
The movement of H+ through the ATP synthase is best described as an example of __________.
Manufacture of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
hydrolysis
active transport
simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
answer
facilitated diffusion
question
Which letter(s) indicate(s) the process during which oxygen is consumed?
Locations of key reaction pathways and ATP production within the cell.
A
B
C
D and E
answer
C
question
Which of the following pathways is INCORRECTLY matched with a description?
Gluconeogenesis: using glucose to build noncarbohydrate structures
citric acid cycle: aerobic pathway
anabolism: building larger molecules from smaller ones
glycolysis: anaerobic respiration
answer
Gluconeogenesis: using glucose to build noncarbohydrate structures
question
Redox reactions __________.
rarely involve enzymes
are characterized by one substance's gaining an electron while another substance loses an electron
do not occur under physiological conditions
are characterized by the exchange of water molecules
answer
are characterized by one substance gaining an electron while another substance loses an electron.
question
Proton pumps within the electron transport chain transport H+ ions __________.
Pathways of electrons through the electrons transport chain and the production of ATP by ATP synthase.
from intermembrane space to cytoplasm
from matrix to cytoplasm
from matrix to intermembrane space
from cytoplasm to matrix
answer
from matrix to intermembrane space
question
Which of the following describes the event depicted on the right side of the figure?
Pathways of electrons through the electrons transport chain and the production of ATP by ATP synthase.
oxidation of ADP
ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation
active transport of H+ ions
substrate-level phosphorylation
answer
ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation
question
Which of the following pathways act as a source for the electrons carried by the NADH and FADH2 molecules shown in this figure?
Pathways of electrons through the electrons transport chain and the production of ATP by ATP synthase.
the citric acid cycle
both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
glycolysis
neither glycolysis nor the citric acid cycle
answer
both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
question
The citric acid cycle occurs in the __________ of cells and is an __________ process.
mitochondria; aerobic
cytosol; aerobic
cytosol; anaerobic
mitochondria; anaerobic
answer
mitochondria; aerobic
question
The hyperglycemia that occurs during diabetes mellitus is accompanied by ______.
an elevated rate of glycolysis in blood plasma due to the elevated level of glucose in the plasma
a reduced rate of glycolysis in blood plasma due to the elevated level of glucose in the plasma
reduced rates of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
ketosis
answer
ketosis
question
One of the reasons why statins are effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease is ______.
they increase the transport of cholesterol away from the liver
they reduce the protein content of LDLs
they decrease the incidence of cholesterol deposition in arterial walls
All of the listed responses are correct.
answer
they decrease the incidence of cholesterol deposition in arterial walls
question
Metabolism includes both anabolism and catabolism. In hyperthyroidism, the metabolic rate is increased because ______.
anabolic reactions are increased in muscles and bones
catabolic reactions are decreased in muscles and bones
the rate of exergonic reactions is increased
atrophied tissues (e.g., muscle tissue) compensate for their decreased mass by increasing their synthesis of macromolecules
answer
the rate of exergonic reactions is increased
question
Which of the following is NOT correctly matched in regards to BMR (basal metabolic rate)?
increased stress: increased BMR
younger age: lower BMR
high body temperature (nonfever): higher BMR
low thyroxine: low BMR
answer
younger age: lower BMR
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