Chapter 3 Compartmentation: Cells And Tissues

When cancer debelops in one tissue and spreads to another via the blood or the lymph, the cancer is said to have undergone what process?

The space that is surrounded by the tissue wall of hollow organs is known as

The lumen of a hollow organ such as the stomach is considered to be part of the ___ environment

The watery meduim that surrounds a cell is known as

All define the structures that separates the contencts of a human cell from its surrounding medium

Functions of membrane proteins

Cell membranes are said to be

The major roles of the phospholipid bilayer

Membrane lipids

Cellular organelle that is a lipid bilayer that controls which objects can leave or enter the cell

A liposome is

An immunoliposome is a liposome that

Provide the cell with strength Stabilize the position of organelles Transport materials within the cytoplasm Form the neurofilaments in nerve cells

The cellular organelle responisble for packaging and transporting proteins

Nonmembranous organelles

The thickest protein fibers

Ribosomal RNA is formed by

The mitochondrial cristae increase the inner surface area of the organelle. The matrix of the mitochondria contains metabolic enzymes involved in energy production. The mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP.

Only cell in humans with flagella

Tay-Sachs is a disease casued by having ineffective

Microvilli are found in

Are composed of tubulin, Are hollow filamentous structures, Form cilia that aid in cell movement, Are the largest cytoplasmic fibers

Direct the movement of DNA during cell division

Produces most of the ATP required to power cellular operation

Synthesis of biomolecules Transport of biomolecules Storage of biomolecules

Are synthesized along various sites of the endoplasmic reticulum

Are synthesized in the smooth ER

Consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes

All are structures involved in storage

The proteins synthesized in the rough ER are then sent to

If a cell lacked lysosomes, it would not be able to

Which substance is responsible for activating the digestive enzymes inside lysosomes?

Use and enzyme to destroy H2O2 that is toxic to the cell.

The number of mitochondria in skeletal muscle cells is ___ adipose (fat) cells

The control center for cellular operations is the

The beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin, a protein-based hormone. Which of the following organelles would be found in higher levels in the beta cells?

If the adrenal cortex produces lipid based hormones such as aldosterone, which organelle would be higher in cells of the adrenal cortex than in the adrenal medulla?

The nucleus stores all the info needed to synthesize:

The process by which a cell releases a substance into the extracellular space for a particular use

Cellular organelle that is considered the powerhouse of the cell

1. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the ER 2. A transport vesicle is formed 3. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the Golgi complex 4. A secretory vesicle is formed

Movements of material between cells

Desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions, adherens junctions

The type of epithelium lining the esophagus

The type of protein found in gap juntions

Disappearance of which type of junction most likely contributes to the metastasis of cancer cells throughtout the body?

The types of junctions proteins important in growth and development

Muscle, neural, osseous, epithelial

Provideing physical protection, controlling permeability, producing specialized secretions, movement

Epithelial cells that are adapted for membrane transport of materials, such as ions and nutrients, usually have ___ on their apical surface.

Epithelia are connected to underlying connective tissues by

Glands that secrete hormones into the blood via tissue fluids

May make either mucous or serous secretions, release their secretions into the external environment, release their secretions through open tubes called ducts, may work as single cells or as a multicellular organ

Every substance that enters or leaves the internal environment of the body must cross an epithelium

Due to the fact that they divide frequently, epithelia are prone to the genetic mutations associated with cancer

The function of microvilli, often seen on the apical membrane of transporting epithelia is to

The simple squamous epithelial lining of blood vessels

Tissue with minimal extracellular matrix

Establishing a structural framework for the body, transporting fluids and dissolved materials, providing protection for delicate organs, storing energy reserves

Cells that store fat

Supporting small glands, supporting epithelia, anchoring blood vessels and nerves

Is found within the circulatroy system, the fluid portion of blood, a subdivision of the ECF, sometimes donated instead of blood

Programmed cell death

The term meaning a mitotic population of cells that persists into adulthood applies to

Groups of tissues that carry out related functions may

The heaviest organ in the body is the

The powerhouse of the cell, ATP is produced here

These degrade long chain fatty acids and toxic foreign molecules

It is the digestive system of a cell, degrading and/or recycling bacterial or organic components

It modifies proteins andn packages them into secretory vesicles for export from the cell

Simplest cell-cell junction

Contributes to the blood-brain barrier

Can be cell-matrix junctions

Their loss is characteristic of cancer

Adipocyte

Fibroblast

Cartilage

Maintains bone matrix

Destroys bone matrix

Nucleoli function in the production of__

Cell membranes are said to be __ because they allow some substances to pass but not others

The nucleus is surrounded by a

Communication between the nucleus and cytosol occurs through

Cells are transformed into specialized units during

The lining of the heart and blood vessels is

Is the extracellular component of connective tissues

The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues

The fluid substance of blood is

The study of tissue structure and function is called

Structures composed of epithelial cells that produce secretions

a tissue that is modified to transmit electrical signals from one cell to another

__ secretionsare discharged onto an epithelial surface

___ secretions are released into interstitial space to diffuse into the blood

__ proteins extend all the way across the cell membrane

__ proteins attach loosely to other membrane proteins or polar regions of phospholipids

__ is a protective layer made up of mostly membrane carbohydrates

If an animal cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to

Which of the following cytoskeleton components are responsible for the movement of chromosomes during cell division

A flagellum moves a cell through a fluid medium. What moves the fluid medium across the surface of cells that are not free to move

The outer mitochondrial membrane is responsible for its shape, The intermembrane space is used in the production of ATP, Mitochondria are responsible for providing energy to the cell

Plasma is to blood as ___ is to cytoplasm

Examination of a sample of glandular cells reveals an extensive network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following would be a likely product of these cells?

In a pancreatic cell producting digestive enzyme, you would expect to find an elaborate

Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to

The tissues that are considered excitable because of the ability to generate electrical signals are called

You are looking at a slide of an unknown organ that has an empty lumen with strasified squamous epithelium contacting the lumen. Deep to the epithelium is a basement membrane and then two layers of smooth muscle. Which of the following organs would this most likely belong to and why?

The presence of extensive extracellular matrix containing widely scattered cells

Connective tissue with the typical characteristic regarding relative cell density

Mature nerve and muscle cells are expected to lack which organelle?

Lysosome, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosome, cilium

Found in the epidermis, esophagus, and mouth, these stacked layers of cells prevent exchange, while they resist chemicals, bacteria, and other destructive forces

This tissue actively and selectively regulates the exchange of nongaseous material, such as ions and nutrients, and can be regulated in response to various stimuli

These thin, flattened cells allow the rapid passage of O2 and CO2 through the cells of the lungs and of certain blood vessels

These cells produce a substance and release it, either onto a surface or directly into the blood

This tissue is composed of cells with membrane extensions that beat in a coordinated fashion to move fluid and particles across the tissue

physical isolation regulation of exchange with the environment communication between the cell and its environment structural support

cell membrane is not static or uniform; things move around and have different compositions

glycerol/phosphate head and fatty acid tails

phospholipid or glycolipid head and slightly longer fatty acid tails

droplets of phospholipids

micelle with aqueous center

tightly bound to the membrane transmembrane --> extend all the way across the membrane lipid-anchored-->attached to lipid tails that are inserted into the bilayer

attached to other membrane proteins

functions: structural stability cell recognition immune response

keeps membrane flexible and impermeable to water soluble molecules

protein and carbohydrate

function by giving cell strength and anchor cells to matrix for communication ex: collagen, fibronectin, & laminin

communicating junction membrane protein --> connexin

tight junction membrane protein --> claudin and occludin

support junction which holds cell in place Types of anchoring junctions: cell-cell junctions cell-matrix junctions

adherens junction & desmosome membrane protein --> caherin

focal adhesion & hemi-desmosome membrane protein --> integrin

protection and regulate exchange lining body surfaces & secretory epithelia

structural support; sometimes physical barriers

excitable, ability to contract and produce force

excitable, carry information in the form of electrical and chemical signals

acellular matrix layer that is secreted by epithelial cells

layering --> simple or stratified shape --> squamous, cuboidal, or columnar function --> exchange, transporting, ciliated, protective, and secretory

lines the circulatory system

cuboidal/columnar shape apical membrane (towards lumen) and basolateral membrane (ECM) tight junctions lots of mitochondria

move fluid and particles in respiratory system and female reproductive tract

stratified tissues that are toughened and found in areas of mechanical/chemical stress

grouped into gland; function include exocrine and endocrine

serous --> watery (tears and sweat) mucous --> produced by goblet cells