Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level Of Organization

c) Myocardial

Adherens junctions and desmosomes

basement membrane.

E) All of these answer choices are correct

Based on the cell shape, epithelial tissues can be divided into four categories including 1) squamous which are thin and flat, 2) cuboidal which are similar in width and height, 3) columnar which are taller than they are wide and 4) transitional which can change shape from cuboidal to squamous and back again. Epithelial tissues can also be categorized based on the number of layers of cells found in the tissue. These categories include: 1) simple which means a single layer of cells, 2) stratified which is two or more layers of cells and 3) pseudostratified which is one layer of cells that appear multi-layered due to the arrangement of the nuclei in the cells.

Simple squamous epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium

Lining of the urinary bladder

Multicellular exocrine glands

Simple branched acinar gland

a straight tubular secretory portion attached to a single unbranched duct.

how the gland release its secretory product.

Holocrine

protein fibers and ground substance.

E) Epidermis

Ground substance

Hyaluronic acid

D) All of these Answer choices are correct.

stroma

C) Areolar connective tissue

A) Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin

providing strong attachment between structures like muscle and bones.

Fibrocartilage

Growth of cartilage can be classified as interstitial or appositional. In interstitial growth, the cartilage increases rapidly in size due to the division of existing chondrocytes and the continuous deposition of increasing amounts of matrix by the chondrocytes. In appositional growth, activity of the cells in the inner chondrogenic layer of the perichondrium leads to growth. Deeper layers divide and cells mature resulting in the matrix accumulating beneath the perichondrium on the outer surface of the cartilage causing it to grow in width.

Osteon

osteons.

plasma.

Synovial membrane

Serous membrane

stem cells.

C

A

A

C

D

D

F

H

C

E

D

G

A

C

H

D

K

J

A & C

C

Each osteon includes lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi and a Haversian canal. The lamellae are concentric rings of matrix that consist of mineral salts and collagen fibers. Lacunae are small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells called osteocytes. Projecting from the lacunae are canaliculi, which are networks of minute canals containing the processes of osteocytes. Canaliculi provide routes for nutrients to reach osteocytes and for wastes to leave them. A central Haversian canal contains blood vessels and nerves.

Connective tissue can contain fibroblasts, which are large, flat cells with branching projections that secrete the fibers and ground substance of the matrix. Macrophages develop from monocytes and are irregular shaped with short branching projections and are capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis. Plasma cells secrete antibodies that attack or neutralize foreign substances in the body. Mast cells produce histamine that dilates small blood vessels. Adipocytes store triglycerides. White blood cells migrate from blood to connective tissue in response to certain immune system conditions.

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

A) Skeletal muscle

Both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues are striated and smooth muscle is not, hence its name. Skeletal muscle cells have more than one nucleus and are large and run parallel to each other. Cardiac muscle cells usually have only one nucleus and are branched. They also are connected to each other via gap junctions and desmosomes. This area is known as the intercalated discs. Smooth muscle cells are small spindle-shaped cells that form thick layers around the hollow organs. Like cardiac muscle cells, some smooth muscle cells communicate via gap junctions. Skeletal muscle is voluntarily controlled while both cardiac and smooth muscle tissue are involuntary.

E) Myofibers and neurons

A

A

B

B

C

E

E

C & E

D

G

G

H

H

Sweat

A

C

D

E

F

Heat production

Conduct nerve impulses to muscle fibers.

A) Adhesions

A) Atrophy

C) Hypertrophy

In order to replace the worn-out, damaged or dead cells, new cells arise from stroma, supporting connective tissue, or the parenchyma for replacement. In some cases stem cells, which are the immature and undifferentiated cells, will divide to replace the lost or damaged cells.

goblet cells.

The secretory product (hormones) of endocrine glands enters the interstitial fluid and then diffuses into the blood without going through a duct. Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering or the lumen of a hollow organ. Sweat, oil, earwax, saliva and digestive enzymes are typical exocrine gland secretions.

B) Large amount of extracellular matrix.

membranes.

A) Mucous membrane

neuroglial cells and neurons.

action potentials; neurotransmitters

The classification is based on how their secretion is released. Merocrine gland secretions are packaged into a secretary vesicle and released via exocytosis. Apocrine glands accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the cell and the upper portion of the cell pinches off from the rest of the cell to release the products. Holocrine glands accumulate their product in their cytosol and after the cell matures, ruptures and releases the product.