Western Civilization To 1648 (HIST-1500) Ch. 8

24 August 2022
4.7 (114 reviews)
65 test answers

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers (61)
question
The "Song of Roland" is useful for historians because it:
answer
Reflects the culture of the time in which it was written.
question
In the period 950-1100, the West's center of gravity shifted from:
answer
The Mediterranean to western Europe.
question
Europe's first parliamentary democracy developed in:
answer
Iceland.
question
The Viking kingdoms of Scandinavia were so successful because:
answer
They continued to rely on traditional Viking networks of trade and kinship but combined them with newer models of governance.
question
Otto I's victory over the Magyars:
answer
Confirmed the position of the Saxon kings as heirs to Charlemagne's Holy Roman Empire.
question
A major source of mechanical power in medieval Europe after 1050 was the:
answer
Water mill, which was used to grind grain, crush paper pulp, and press oil.
question
The medieval economy was based primarily on:
answer
Agriculture.
question
In northern Europe, increasing use of the heavy-wheeled plow between 800 and 1050 coincided with:
answer
Fundamental changes in patterns of peasant settlement.
question
It was more difficult for serfs to improve their economic and social status because:
answer
Serfs were tied to their lord's manorial lands and so could not move.
question
One factor that contributed to the increase in agricultural output in the medieval period was:
answer
A rise in average temperature that allowed for a longer growing season.
question
Aside from raising food yields from 50 to 67 percent, the movement from a two-field system to a three-field system resulted in:
answer
Higher yields per acre and a more even distribution of labor throughout the year.
question
Although Viking raids often devastated towns, the Vikings also revitalized cities by:
answer
Returning large amounts of gold and silver coin to the markets of medieval Europe.
question
Monasteries and secular lords often supported the founding of towns in their territories because:
answer
They saw the economic advantages of having towns in their territory.
question
During the eleventh century, the most spectacular developments in long-distance trade took place in:
answer
Italy.
question
One factor that contributed to the growth of some urban centers such as Paris and London was:
answer
Their ability to draw on the wealth of the immediate area around the city.
question
Although money lending was an important factor in the success of early Italian merchant activity:
answer
The Western Christian Church condemned the practice as usurious.
question
Many towns and cities in the High Middle Ages:
answer
Grew through continuous immigration from the countryside.
question
Castles often formed the nucleus of new towns because:
answer
Castles provided protection for merchants who lived close to the walls.
question
Local lords most frequently developed power bases in areas of western Europe where:
answer
Royal authority was either weak or nonexistent.
question
Historians generally do not use the term "feudalism" today because it:
answer
Means too many different things to be of use.
question
The exchange of land for service or money in the Middle Ages resulted in a political system that:
answer
Created many different types of ties, both horizontal and hierarchal.
question
William the Conqueror was politically innovative in that he:
answer
Used the highly centralized English administrative authority combined with the feudal structures of France.
question
Compared to their Carolingian predecessors, the kings of tenth- and eleventh-century Germany:
answer
Relied heavily on ecclesiastical leaders to carry out royal administration.
question
Central to the establishment of feudal monarchies was the:
answer
Personal relationship between individuals at each level of feudal society.
question
The term "feudal" comes from the Latin "feudum," which refers to:
answer
A grant that creates a contractual relationship between a giver and a receiver.
question
At Canossa in the winter of 1077:
answer
King Henry IV did penance before Pope Gregory VII.
question
The tenth century was known for ineffective kingship throughout Europe and:
answer
An incompetent and largely corrupt papacy.
question
The monastic reform movement that began at Cluny in Burgundy was unique in that Cluniac monasteries:
answer
Were free from control by local lords.
question
The first successful attempt to restore the spiritual authority of the Latin Church can be traced to the establishment of a new kind of monastery at:
answer
Cluny in Burgundy.
question
Theft of relics occurred in the Middle Ages because:
answer
Relics were extremely valuable, as pilgrims were attracted to the places that housed them.
question
Simony refers to:
answer
The use of an ecclesiastical office for personal gain.
question
In 1059, Pope Nicolas II issued a new decree on papal elections, which gave the power to elect future popes to the:
answer
College of Cardinals.
question
Taken literally, what did the term "investiture" mean to medieval Christians in the eleventh century?
answer
The practice of appointing a bishop or abbot and dressing him with the symbols of his office.
question
In the eleventh century, the struggle for power in central Europe was, for the most part, between:
answer
King and pope.
question
The importance of the Investiture Conflict was that it:
answer
Formally, though not in practice, separated the "church" and the "state" in European politics.
question
The expansion of the Byzantine empire during the tenth and early eleventh centuries was assisted by:
answer
Christian missionary activity in Russia and the Balkans.
question
The weakness of the Byzantine empire in the eleventh century was caused, in part, by:
answer
The debasing of the empire's gold coinage.
question
In 1071, Byzantium lost Armenia and wealthy Anatolia to the:
answer
Seljuq Turks.
question
When Alexius Comnenus asked for western help against the Seljuq Turks, he was hoping for a:
answer
Force of heavily armored knights to deploy against the lightly armored Turkish cavalry.
question
Which of the following was NOT a goal expressed by Pope Urban II for the First Crusade?
answer
To slay Christ's enemies wherever they could be found, especially Jews and Muslims.
question
When preaching the First Crusade, Pope Urban II suggested that those who fought in the service of Christ would receive:
answer
Absolution of all their sins.
question
The First Crusade:
answer
Further weakened Byzantine control over trade in the eastern Mediterranean.
question
The Crusades marked a fundamental turning point in the relationship between:
answer
Byzantium and western Europe.
question
The most common reason for people to go on a Crusade was the desire:
answer
To complete an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
question
The most long-lasting consequence of the First Crusade was the:
answer
Development of Islamic and Christian doctrines of holy war.
question
The Muslim world was far advanced over Europe in the area of medicine, as evidenced by the writings of:
answer
Avicenna.
question
Arabic mathematics revolutionized European economies by introducing:
answer
Arabic numerals, which replaced Roman numerals.
question
Muslim physicians were leaders in developing:
answer
A system of licensing medical practitioners.
question
From the Islamic world come some of the best-known poetry in the world, among which is the poetry of:
answer
Umar Khayyam.
question
The enormous legacy of Muslim learning for European commerce, literature, and science is most clearly seen in the:
answer
Introduction of a large number of Arabic words into European languages.
question
T/F: The medieval epic, "The Song of Roland," is similar to Homer's "Iliad" in that both were the product of a long oral tradition rather than having been composed in a written form.
answer
True.
question
T/F: No new political entities arose in Europe as a direct result of the Viking raids of the previous century.
answer
False. The opposite happened. In the aftermath of the Viking invasions, new political entities began to emerge in Europe.
question
T/F: Hugh Capet claimed the title of "King of the Franks" after he killed the last Carolingian king in 987.
answer
False.
question
T/F: The agricultural revolution was the foundation on which the commercial revolution of the High Middle Ages rested.
answer
True.
question
T/F: Due to the expansion of commerce and the availability of cheap and nutritious food, the largest European cities boasted populations of over 1 million people by 1300.
answer
False. 100,000 people, not 1 million.
question
T/F: The European political structure in the tenth and eleventh centuries was typified by a social mobility and egalitarianism.
answer
False.
question
T/F: All knights in the eleventh century came from the aristocracy.
answer
False. Knighthood was actually a career that embraced men of widely varying status (sons of lords, peasants, etc.).
question
T/F: The Ottonian emperors were the first to be able to exercise actual control in the areas they claimed to rule.
answer
False. The Ottonians were not able to control the territories they claimed to rule.
question
T/F: Although it represented a monumental struggle for power at the highest levels of society, the Investiture Conflict was a largely private affair that had little impact on local political or religious relationships.
answer
False.
question
T/F: Beginning in the eleventh century, the Church asserted its independence from secular rulers.
answer
True.
question
T/F: The Crusades take their name from the symbol of the Christian religion.
answer
True.
question
T/F: Crusading knights needed a minimum of two years' revenues in hand to go on crusade.
answer
True.
question
T/F: The Christian doctrine of holy war developed during the First Crusade has helped shaped more modern narratives of conquest and colonization.
answer
True.
question
T/F: Islamic theology and philosophy had no influence on Catholic philosophy and theology.
answer
False. It did.
question
T/F: Of the three heirs to the Roman Empire, Europe was the most prosperous by 1000.
answer
False. Before 1000, Europe was the least prosperous. It took until 1100 for Europe to be the "most prosperous."