Western Civilization To 1648 (HIST-1500) Ch. 6

1 September 2022
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As seen in the life of Perpetua, Christianity challenged the traditional Roman values of:
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Obedience to the Roman gods and one's ansestors.
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According to the discipline of history, faiths:
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Are the products of historical processes.
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According to historical interpretations, Jesus was crucified because he:
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Was convicted of sedition by a Roman governor.
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The gospel accounts of Jesus's life:
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Were probably written between 70 and 100 C.E.
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The Dead Sea Scrolls have helped historians to understand the religious climate of the first century C.E. by:
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Demonstrating the diversity of Jewish religious practice and belief.
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Which statement best describes the position of the Sadducees in Palestine during the first century C.E.?
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The Sadducees closely allied themselves with the Roman rulers of Judea.
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Which statement best describes the position of the Pharisees in Palestine during the first century C.E.?
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The Pharisees believed that they possessed special knowledge of an oral Torah told by Moses.
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Jesus's emphasis of observing the ethical requirements of the law rather than the letter of the law encouraged his followers to:
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Deemphasize traditional Jewish purity laws.
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Christianity was attractive to cosmopolitan Greeks because:
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Many Greek people practiced Eastern mystery religions with which early Christianity shared characteristics.
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Jesus is the central figure in Christianity, but Paul was important:
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For successfully arguing that Jewish religious laws need not apply to Christians.
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The crisis of the early third century was precipitated by:
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The retreat from the eastern frontier and the violent tendencies of Marcus Aurelius's son, Commodus.
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Roman borders were:
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Porous and thus more symbolic than actual.
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When the emperor Commodus was assassinated in 192, civil war engulfed the Roman Empire, with ______ eventually claiming the throne.
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Septimius Severus
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During the third century, Rome underwent a prolonged period that came very close to destroying the empire. This period is known as the time of:
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The Barracks Emperors, when Rome had no fewer than twenty-six emperors in about fifty years.
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Realizing that the Roman Empire had become too large for a single ruler to control it:
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Diocletian divided the empire in half and appointed a co-emperor to rule the western part.
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The tetrarchy was the split of the Roman Empire into halves and the creation of:
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An augustus and a caesar in both the East and the West.
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When Diocletian took power:
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He isolated himself from ordinary business and people and introduced an eastern style of rule, wearing a diadem and purple robes.
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Economic reforms introduced by the early forth-century Roman Empire included:
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Wage and price controls fixed by the government.
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In order to ensure that armies no longer had the power to choose emperors, Diocletian:
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Severed military and political chains of command, making it more difficult for armies to influence politics.
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By 300 C.E., Christians accounted for no more than 10 percent of the population of the Roman Empire; this low percentage might be due to:
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Diocletian's policy of persecuting any group deemed to be subversive.
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Many Greek philosophies gained large numbers of Roman adherents and shared several tenets, but the one that was instrumental in influencing Christian theology was:
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Neoplatonism.
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Once Constantine had converted to Christianity:
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It gained prestige and thus adherents.
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Before Constantine, Christianity:
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Had diffuse and unregulated faith traditions.
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The roots of Rome's leadership of the Western Church partially lie in:
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A passage from the New Testament Gospel of Matthew.
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What point was in dispute between the Arians and Christian orthodoxy?
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Whether Jesus was of the same being and substance as God the Father.
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The forth-century interest in "orthodoxy" among Christian intellectuals arose from:
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The need to show that Christianity could withstand the philosophical scrutiny of Greek and Roman traditions.
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What were the general results of the doctrinal quarrels of the early centuries?
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The dogmas of the Christian Church gradually became fixed.
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Once the Christian Church gained ascendancy in the Roman Empire, the highest authority in deciding doctrine was:
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The emperor, as a newly styled "pontifex maximus" of the Christian Church.
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By the end of the third century, the involvement of women in the church had:
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Shrunk to the point that they were completely excluded from all positions of power.
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After Christianity became legal under Constantine and his successors:
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Ascetic practices were adopted by both men and women.
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The Christian label for non-Christians is indicative of its ______ origin.
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Urban
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The differences between the eastern and western parts of the Roman Empire:
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In culture, economy, and language were great and grew larger over time.
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Christianity went from being a persecuted faith in the early forth century to being the recognized faith of the empire; this last step was the result of the action by the emperor:
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Theodosius, who prohibited pagan worship.
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Romans regarded the Germans as barbarians because:
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German society was illiterate, and Germans did not live in cities.
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Peace was restored after the battle of Adrianople when:
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The Roman Empire met the Goths' demand for food and land.
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After their defeat of Rome, the Goths split into many different groups and moved on to settle many areas in Europe; those who moved into the area of Spain and Southern France were known as the:
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Visigoths.
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The traditional date for the "fall" of Rome is:
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476 C.E., when Odovacar toppled Emperor Romulus Augustus.
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Odovacar's removal of Romulus Augustus resulted in the Eastern Roman Empire:
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Asking Theodoric, a Goth, to lead an imperially equipped army against Odovacar.
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The Eastern Roman Empire lost tax revenue as a result of Germanic migrations because:
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Powerful Germanic people set up their own kingdoms and collected their own taxes in the West.
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Jerome's most lasting contribution to Western Christian culture was:
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His translation of the Bible into Latin.
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Ambrose argued that the Roman emperor was:
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Within the church.
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Augustine's theological ideas revolved around:
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Human sinfulness and divine omnipotence.
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Augustine's "Confessions" is a(n):
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Series of autobiographical essays directed toward God.
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"On the City of God":
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Was a new, Christian interpretation of human history by Augustine.
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One reason for including classical texts in the education of Christians by the forth century was:
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The desire of Christian intellectuals to be regarded as philosophers and to make classical learning applicable to a Christian way of life.
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Augustine is recognized as one of the greatest early fathers of Christianity and Christian thinkers of all time; he believed that what he did was to:
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Draw out the basic truths from the Bible so that the people could understand the text.
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Benedict's monastic rule differed from Basil's rule because it:
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Was less austere and more moderate in its demands for monastic life.
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Boethius's "Consolation of Philosophy" is a(n):
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Excellent example of the pairing of classical philosophy and the Christian worldview.
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The monastic way of life in the West was influenced greatly by establishing a set of rules written by:
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Benedict.
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Historians now refer to the period from 284 to 610 C.E. as Late Antiquity because:
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It is a period with its own themes and developments, not wholly Roman and not yet medieval.
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T/F: The Dead Sea Scrolls emphasize the homogeneity and strict observance of Jewish and religious practice around the time of Jesus.
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False. They actually overwhelmingly show the diversity of religious practices around the time of Jesus.
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T/F: The Zealots were a group of Jews who led revolts against the Romans in Judea.
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True.
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T/F: Women played prominent roles in the early Christian church.
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True.
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T/F: In 305 C.E. Diocletian retired to Croatia to raise cabbages.
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True.
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T/F: Constantine made Christianity the sole religion of the empire in 316 C.E.
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False. It was in 313, not 316, and Constantine granted religious freedom to all people (thus allowing and approving of Christianity), but he didn't make Christianity the sole religion of the empire.
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T/F: In Late Antiquity, the pope enjoyed acknowledgement and support for his primacy from the other western bishops.
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False.
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T/F: An early account of Christ's life is attributed to Mary Magdalene.
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True.
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T/F: Byzantium was of little strategic import when Constantine moved his capital there in 324 C.E.
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False. It was actually chosen for its strategic location; the site had advantages for communication, trade, and defense.
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T/F: Constantinople remained the political and economic center of the Roman Empire until 476, when it fell to the Goths.
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False. It actually remained the political and economic center of the Roman Empire until 1453, when the city was conquered by the Ottoman Turks.
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T/F: Constantine seemed to envision a united Rome after his death as he gave the empire as a whole to his eldest son, disinheriting the younger two in order to prevent civil war.
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False. Constantine divided the empire among all three sons; civil war ensued.
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T/F: The Goths revolted in 378 due to Roman interference in the Frankish Church.
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False. Actually, the Goths revolted in 378 because the local Roman officials forced the Goths to sell themselves and their children into slavery for food - which was breaking the bargain they had mad with the Goths.
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T/F: Jerome's longest lasting contribution to Western society was his Vulgate translation of the Bible.
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True.
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T/F: Augustine believed all Christians would be saved by Jesus' sacrifice.
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False.
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T/F: Boethius was executed for his controversial work on faith and reason, "The Consolation of Philosophy."
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False. *Why* Boethius was executed is unclear. He wrote "The Consolation of Philosophy" in prison while awaiting his death.
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T/F: Cassiodorus's "Institutes" was a list of essential classical and pagan literature a monk should know.
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True.