RTV 3001 Exam 3

Two or more outlets to show the same content across America

A network is a national concern and a station is the local business in each town. A station is in one city with a license to broadcast there. Ex: ESPN is a network

owned and operated by ABC, FOX, NBC etc.

not owned by CBS but some other corporation but they sign a contract with CBS to agree to show their content

not connected with any network, have to find their own stations, and don't make that much money

is an operator of multiple cable or direct-broadcast satellite television systems (the rights to wire up a city)

Comcast

no practical competition Ex: Comcast

limited or few competition Ex: broadcasting networks aka ABC, CBS, FOX

few or no market barriers; allowing many players to enter Ex: radio and local markets

Networks must compensate station and promote and advertise programs. Networks receives access to audience to sell to advertisers. The station must promote and advertise programs. The station receives network compensation, programs, prestige, audience to sell to local and regional advertisers.

to reach a specific target audience with advertisements. MAKE A PROFIT BY DELIVERING VIEWERS TO ADVERTISERS. (Make money through advertisements)

Owning multiple entities within different product or service types

Vertical: same entity controlling the production and distribution of a good or service

Defined as multiple stations presenting the same content at once in the form of packages. The FCC defines a network as an interconnected service program.

TELEVISION NETWORKS ARE EFFICIENT BECAUSE THEY PROVIDE GUARANTEED PROGRAMMING THAT CAN BE SOLD TO LOCAL COMPANIES. EFFICIENT FOR ADVERTISERS BECAUSE THEY CAN REACH ENTIRE NATION/MARKET

Business end- bills people/pays employees Sales - sells time to advertisers Engineering- fix cameras and editing equipment to make sure signal is working News dept- creates journalism departments Programming dept- chooses what shows will be on Production dept- shoots shows

ABC, NBC, CBS, Univision, FOX

CNN, E!, Bravo

broadcast networks: traditional networks are always available through the air cable networks: only available to you when cable company comes to put something through the wall (distributed through cable company)

A trade organization that lobbies for individual broadcast stations

Cable has more niche markets but broadcast networks put their best shows during prime time for the overall audience pleasure

Gives the buyer a way to evaluate a run of x number of commercials over the specific time period that has a consistent rating for the target audience Add up Monday-Sunday

number of people reached/cost of ad Ex: the cost one must pay to reach exactly 1,000 people

Time in the day to be utilized for advertising and programming

Radio- morning drivetime (6AM-10AM) TV- primetime (8PM-11PM)

Overnight for both. It is the least expensive and less ad revenue because few people watching/listening.

local commercials purchased to run on local stations (ex: local appliance store, local car dealership)

The sale of commercial advertising by regular networks; time purchased within a regular television network program or on a radio network

Refers to the sale of commercial radio or TV time to major national and regional advertisers

Up Front = media purchases made before the television season begins Scatter Markets = four "seasons" where advertisers purchase time

- Banner Ads - Contextual Ads (tailored to content) - Behavioral Targeted Ads (based on recent searches) - Mobile Apps (smart phones) - Viral Marketing ("buzz advertising" word of mouth) - Pop-Ups (automatically show up while browsing)

symbolic word of mouth Ex: if you're trying to buy soap online, you want people to RT it and like the post for more ppl to see

Techniques to choose what the program of the channel will be. Local programming - programming done live Pre-recorded programming - Programming done before the programming slot is aired and then played during the broadcast. Network radio programming - Programming that has many stations being controlled by a central network, predominantly by automation and recording.

A format is essentially a genre, a type of programming. In radio, it could be music or sports. To be successful in formatting, you need to meet the needs of your target audience and what they expect.

The primary group sought by the station defined by demographics and psychographics

The "format wheel" looks like a clock or pie chart. -used to plan and execute the station's sound -shows where music, commercials, and news occur within the program schedule The 3 main portions of a hot clock are: - commercial time positions - promotional positions - programming.

Demographics- age, gender, ethnicity, education, race, income (ideal target group is women in mid 30s) Psychographics- preferences, values, lifestyle, attitudes, beliefs

measures qualitative research (values and lifestyles of listeners). Attempts to understand attitudes, beliefs, leisure pursuits, political interests

1948-1953. Confined to live in studio. Sponsors encouraged to purchase time and create programs. Live anthology programs varied week to week, many live situational comedies.

1954-1960. Hollywood as producer. Filming of programs. Death of anthologies. Standardization of formats

1960-1970. Stabilization of network oligopoly. Fewer cancellations. Least objectionable programming. Escapism

- Responded to eroded network power with appeals to diverse demographics - End of older and rural themed shows - "Quality" becomes commodity

Popular independent producers: Steven Cannell, Aaron Canning, Steven Bochco. Unique styles and target audiences.

- FOX, Warner Brothers, etc. - Lead to new programming, the development of the "dramedy". - Reach young, targeted audiences.

- Internet - More reality TV

1) News director: the boss 2) News producer: retains editorial and content control 3) (AP) Assistant producer: 4) Assignment editors: mains future files of stories to be covered 5) Journalists/correspondents: get stories, research, interviews, deliver news 6) Photographers/editors: put together packages of news stories, graphics, and voice overs 7) Writers: Fill gap between attractive anchors to write up journalism stories for the internet

1) Concept: premise of the show 2) Treatment: a short written form of what the shows details are 3) Step deal: step by step phases to completing a contract 4) Right of first refusal 5) Pilot: first episode is filmed and edited

- Dramatic Series - Situation Comedies - Newsmagazines (primetime) - Daytime Drama - Sports - Reality Shows - Talk Shows

Daytime and late night hours- hosts chat with stars, newsmaker people with problems(some shows controversial, some reassuring) Ex: Ellen, Oprah, Dr.Phil

Sports: prestigious event programming, cable breaks big three monopoly over major sports (ESPN).

Non-TV professionals in scenarios that generate drama, suspense, or hilarity- "unscripted"- cost half of what a scripted show does to produce but costs are rising

Reassuring continuity of characters coping with problems- compact ½ hour formal fits easily into schedule, changes in plots reflect society, good syndication value. (Examples: Friends, Seinfeld)

Slickly produced prime time shows filled with emotional story telling, celebrity gossip, consumer information. They are cheap to produce. (Ex: Dateline, 20/20, E:60)

Truly scripted and elegantly produced dramatic stories.

Soap operas on TV during the day time, usually feature sex and violence that was introduced in 1980s and helped with appeal, evolution of the Telenovela (International style more about couples than families which attracts younger audiences.)

Public broadcasting programming - Can't advertise, must be government funded, supported by donations or corporately underwritten. Commercial programming - The basis of commercial programming is to make money through advertising.

A treatment is like an abstract; it sums up the entire show with characters, plot summary, and potential development. It is a short narrative between 25-50 words of basic ideas.

Sample productions ordered up by networks- "first impressions" of the show.

To maximize the audience flow. They aim to keep an audience watching program after program on a station instead of changing channels.

Movie packages, First-run, Off-Net Syndication.

Programming of films that have completed their theatrical run (Ex: Pretty Woman is always on E!)

Programming developed specifically for syndication Ex: Game shows, talk shows, action series

Programming reruns of successful shows. Originally produced for one of the major networks, 100 episodes is the magic number.

cash cash/barter barter: syndicator trades some show for commercial time

Contract between broadcasters and television syndicators to give ad time to syndicators for them to sell Advantage: lowers cost of programs to station Disadvantage: station loses control of commercial inventory/spots to sell for profit of the station itself

They don't cost much to produce

Reality shows have very large audiences that continue to watch the show on a regular basis, thus a lot of advertisers want the spaces within those shows to advertise. Because of this, networks charge large sums for that time to advertise, which creates a lot of revenue.

Reality programs fail in syndication because they become irrelevant and not as fascinating.

Low ratings, declining ratings, wrong demographics targeted Ex: if a show starts to go down, they will get rid of it so it doesn't cost more money.

- Strip - Block - Strong lean-in - Hammock - Tent poling - Bridging - Frontloading - Seamless programming - Stunting - Cross-over - Counter programming & challenge programming

Program shown at the same time each week. Builds viewer loyalty and schedule.

Program similar in appeal follow one another. Create a block of the same genre so the same viewers stick around.

Focus on having big programs airing at the start of a viewing slot (or day part) Ex: House, Today Show

Program puts a weak or unproven program between two successful ones

Program puts a strong program between two weak ones

Program runs five minutes longer than the usual half hour or hour

Program plays a major episode or feature film

One program ends and the next plays right after

Moving programs around the schedule to more advantageous slots. Ex: Simpsons fits in gaps

Character from one program appears on other program

Taking popular characters from one show and give them their own show

Counter programming means seeking audiences not being served by other programs in a time period; by genre demographic and by niche program launch date. Ex: one program is playing Titanc, another program is playing a basketball game

Challenges another program with similar genre and audience. Ex: Two programs are playing Bachelorette and show about finding love

Control or direction by government behavior, typically applied to businesses, regulation is a method of coordinating complex social activities that the market can't effectively control or produce desirable outcomes of society.

diversity of ownership, localism, and content

Proposes that the electromagnetic spectrum is limited as a national resource; government reserves the right to impose obligations and regulations on those allowed to broadcast (traditional rationale)

TV and radio are so pervasive and potentially intrusive that the public is entitled to some regulation (protection) from unwanted or offensive messages (recent rationale)

Allows for regulation of interstate commerce (US and other countries) - this includes media aspects such as radio transmissions and other broadcast transitions- allows states to use each others transmissions and things

States that all people have free speech, but later acts regulate what can/can't be said

The press is a watchdog of the government, an unofficial "fourth branch" or fourth estate. It guarantees if you own a media outlet you have the right to disseminate information.

National security, smut (obscenity, indecency), incitement (can't tell someone to kill themselves)

Took care of the interference problem and mandated that the spectrum be a public resource creating the FRC to grant licenses, eliminate interference, strengthen idea of "public interest"

- Renamed the FRC to FCC "Federal Communications Commission" FCC now includes wireless and telephone - Sets out how the various forms of electronic media are to be regulated by the FCC aka media policy

every candidate must have access and equal time on the media

applies specifically to broadcasting

applies to cable

applies to telephone communication

spectrum users must be licensed

federal candidates must have access to facilities

-compels TV stations to meet the informational and educational needs of children - limit on commercials - at least 3 hours/week of educational programming - no product placement in children shows

- Biggest Act in 60 years - Allowed telephone and cable companies to compete with broadcast companies - Allowed people to own many radio stations as long as they weren't more then 35% - More liberal rules about ownership - Mandatory 8-year renewal -TV's must have parental control (v-chip)

Responsible for day to day regulation of electronic media- grant, renew and deny licenses, but NOT for cable.

5 commissioners appointed by President and approved by Senate

- Wireless telecommunications bureau - Wireline competition bureau - International bureau - Media bureau - Public safety security bureau - Enforcement bureau - Consumer/government affairs bureau WWIMPEC

License that allows for radio or other forms of broadcasting to be a part of the public spectrum. New TV stations need to apply for license-renewals every 8 years

-must be a U.S. citizen -free from foreign control, Must be of "good" character -must report all felonious, adverse civil judgments -looks at potential future conduct of applicant -applicant must show financial and technical strengths

- Licenses may be denied if a false statement is made to the FCC - A licensee gives the station over to someone else without authorizing the transfer - Number of indecency infractions against a station is excessive.

Licenses being revoked are not common. Renewal Expectancy: refers to the idea that incumbents will usually win over a rival so long as they have operated well in accordance.

-Congress: determines funding for the FCC, creates new legislation, and holds hearings against the FCC - The Court: disputes and interprets law -The President appoints the members of the commission and can initiate legislation

-Lobbyists: communicate how legislation will impact society and express their views to the FCC -The Public: call for less regulation and longer licensing terms - Local Governments: some states have extra laws sometimes that regard things not mentioned in federal law and they collect franchise fees

-lack of expertise, -revolving door of people and protectionist -regulatory capture (institution that is supposed to regulate is actually controlled by the media) -decisions without following precedent -lack of public input and funding -lack of resources -unreasonable delays in resolving matters -decisions made under lobbying influence -lack of long range planning.

Advantages- market can promote efficiency, encourage the creation of new services, and encourage diversity. Disadvantages- marketplace is only responsive to economic forces and is not sensitive to social needs. Additionally, the real marketplace does not play out like the ideal model proposed.

Cable regulation is more up to the local communities who purchase the cable services.

Author: lifetime + 50 years (70 years for things produced after 1978) Copyright ensures that compensation is required for others to use their creative property.

you come up with a film, book, program and it protects your rights

Allows usage without paying royalties

Obscenity- depicts or describes something sexual or sexual conduct Profanity- words, expressions, gestures, or other social behaviors that are socially constructed or interpreted as insulting, rude, vulgar, desecrating, or showing disrespect Indecency- language or material that, in context, depicts or describes, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards for the broadcast medium, sexual or excretory activities or organs

obscenity is a federal crime, indecency is a slap on the wrist

Time that indecent material is protected 10PM-6AM

George Carlin had a comedy segment on the Seven Dirty Words that was broadcast on radio in the daytime, for all ages to hear. The Pacifica Case went to the Supreme Court and decided that the content was inappropriate for children and such content should be moved to safe harbor.

No, for example, the internet was once regulated by the Communications Decency Act of 1996, making it illegal to send sexually indecent media to minors through the internet.

Section 315 of 1934 requires that broadcasters allow equal opportunities to those running for office. Exceptions could be in the form of newscasts, interviews, documentaries, or on-the-spot-news.

Attacking someone's reputation through the media

slander and libel

speech that ridicules or causes scorn against a person

published writing that ridicules or causes scorn against a person

If a statement is actually true, or there is a public "right-to-know," then the defendant had reason to say or write what they did.

1. Publishing private facts. 2. Intruding on personal solitude. 3. Creating a false presentation. 4. Exploiting a name or likeness without payment.

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

National Association of Broadcast, code of ethics

Standards departments in industries are very common but are more scaled back today. This department focuses on image and standards for media in an industry. Society has relaxed standards today and so there is more flexibility in standards of practice. These departments do try and regulate media, though, for the benefit of the public.

Common carriage says that if an entity pays, they cannot be denied service or discriminated against. This stems from the days of telegraphs, and now the Internet is reposing the question. ex: if you own a stage you cant charge someone more than another

fair use if you pay on the internet (can't be possible to charge Facebook less money than a newer upstarting social media site)

if comcast is allowed to charge diff fees for diff companies than they might have faster speeds for netflix than the next streaming video site. this eliminates competition, which is the key w network neutrality.

the electric grid provides equal service to everything that is plugged in Ex: whatever vacuum you plug into the electricity provides equal service

People who pay for something believe they deserve to make a profit. Charge diff rates for diff speeds.

Blogs get viewers and followers, they do so through merit. people can pick what they want to see and don't encounter blocks that inconvenience them

lobbies for individual broadcast stations

Utility- communications technology the internet does more than provide entertainment. by reclassifying it as a utility, the government can regulate it as they would for water, electricity, etc.

Websites with tons of information transferring constantly, like Google and Yahoo, would have to pay extra fees to use so much space. They would be in effect paying for faster service, guaranteed, to these super users. These companies are already paying for their web space, but this would require them to pay more in order to reach their users

Audience size and the demographics of said audience

Placing calls at different times during the day to homes selected at random from phone directories (used by C.A.B. until 1946)

Respondents asked if they were listening to radio at the time of the call; if answer was yes, asked to name the program/station. (better method introduced by C.E.Hooper Co.)

A mechanical device which collected data from a random sampling of radios; consisted of a stylus that made a scratch on a roll of paper tape synchronized with the radio's tuning dial

Nielsen monitors television and internet ratings. Arbitron handles radio ratings.

the total number of houses (that own a television) in a market divided into all the people tuned into the show Ratings= Total # of houses with tv/people tuned into the show

Rating books that come out 4 times a year with ad rates and ratings

"like-ability" of a performer or personality

A random sample is a mathematically random representative group that can be polled to assume the results of polling the whole group.

a survey of working sets in the home, what people are viewing, etc. They are mailed out and, for a small compensation, filled out and sent back for polling tabulation.

People meters involve a hand-held keypad that accurately records who is watching what with personal key pins. The people meter is expensive, annoying, and in need of maintenance. Also, they were not meant to measure children's shows and cannot because they are controlled by the adult viewers. Public watching (like watching games in bars) also cannot be recorded

There is underrepresentation of certain groups, bigger markets have too much influence on what's on, and ratings don't account for wandering attentions.

Measurement of exclusive online streaming viewers/cutting the cord

Built in metering software-code embedded in program can be recorded by device

percentage of users over 2 who visit the site within a time period

number of times a file is requested from an internet site(can be instantaneous)

number of times a web page is accessed during a time period - may contain many hits

percent of unique visitors that visit a site two months in a row

number of different people who access a web page per period - leave and return = one UV

Hypodermic: mass-communicated messages would have strong and more or less universal effects on the audience they reached aka you can be completely brainwashed by a certain channel. Limited effects: is that you might be influenced into thinking what are the important issues rather than being brainwashed.

Suggests that the more a person is exposed to TV, the more likely that the person's construction of social reality will be more like that shown on TV and less like reality Ex: Mean world syndrome: if you look at mean reports ab terrorists, then you begin to think the same thing

The pattern of news coverage during an election campaign can help determine what political issues the public perceives as important

Newspapers and other communication media that openly support a political party and whose news in significant part follows the party line

A disclosure of embargoed information in advance of its official release, or the unsanctioned release of confidential information.