Chapter 6 Questions

9 October 2022
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the retention of information or experience over time.
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memory
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___________ attention involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring other stimuli.
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selective
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Information must be encoded and ______ in order to be retrieved later
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stored
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The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are ______ systems of memory
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three
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Which of the following holds information from the world in its original form for only a brief moment in time?
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Sensory memory
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You are at a concert, you hear the orchestra rehearsing, feel the velvet seat you are on, and smell the perfume of the woman in front of you. Which memory best describes this?
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sensory
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Explicit memory information, such as prospective and retrospective memories, is transmitted from the hippocampus to which lobes?
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frontal lobes
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__________ memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer.
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short term memory
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Which of the following statements are true regarding short-term memory?
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- It is a limited-capacity memory system. - It can store information longer than sensory memory.
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According to researchers such as George Miller, short-term memory's capacity is ___ plus or minus ____.
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seven; two
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Which of the following strategies can be used to increase the number of pieces of information that can be held in short-term memory?
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chunk the information
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_______ involves grouping information into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units.
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chunking
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Sam has to remember a 12-digit number that he generated for his computer password (198819892001). He remembers the information as the birth years of his three sisters: 1988, 1989, 2001. Sam's strategy is
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chunking
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Rehearsal involves ______ information
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the conscious repetition of
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Which of the following statements apply to the concept of working memory?
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-it is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short-term memory -it consists of three parts -it is a mental blackboard
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__________ memory holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.
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Sensory
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Which of the following are components of Baddeley's working memory theory?
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-Phonological loop -Visuospatial working memory -central executive
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Long-term memory is a _____ type of memory that stores huge amounts of information.
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permanent
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Which of the following options are true of explicit memory? (Select all that apply.)
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-it is sometimes referred to as declarative memory -it has two subtypes of memory: episodic and semantic
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__________ memory is when behavior is affected by prior experiences without conscious recollection of the experience.
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Implicit
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Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can still ride. This is an example of _____ memory
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Procedural
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Megan is given a set of words to study, and hat is one of those words. On a later task, she is asked to complete the following item: -at. Megan is more likely to make -at into hat than cat or bat because of the concept known as _____.
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Priming
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A _________ is a general mental framework that helps people to organize and understand information.
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Schema
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Five-year-old Emmie loves to play dentist's office. She knows the whole routine: go to the office, pretend to read a magazine, then get called into the office and sit in the dentist's chair. The best description of this is _____, which is a schema for an event.
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script
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_____ is the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections
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Connectionism (parallel distributed processing)
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Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that _____.
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there is no one memory center in the brain
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Which of the following best explains the concept of long-term potentiation?
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This concept states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them and thus the memory may be strengthened.
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___________ is the memory process by which information retained in memory is brought out of storage, that is, when we recall or remember something.
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retrieval
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Memory ______ is a process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage, that is, when we recall or otherwise remember something.
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retrieval
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In terms of the effects of serial position, the __________ effect refers to better recall for items at the beginning.
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primacy
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Ellen tried to remember her grocery list, but she was only able to remember eggs and butter (which were listed at the top) and juice and cereal (which were listed at the bottom). This illustrates
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the serial position effect
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Oscar was asked to memorize a list of words for a psychology experiment. He was then asked to repeat them. He found he could repeat the last three words. In the context of serial position, this illustrates the _____ effect
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recency
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Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as ____ cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates.
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retrieval
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Which two of the following are recognition tasks?
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- a student takes a multiple choice test - a witness has to identify a criminal from a page of photographs
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The type of memory that involves remembering information about doing something in the future is _________ memory.
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prospective
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Alzheimer's disease involves deterioration of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
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- memory - reasoning - language - physical functioning
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The frontal lobes of the brain play an important role in _______ memory
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- explicit memory - prospective memory - retrospective memory
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In an MRI study, participants viewed pictures while in an MRI scanner. When their memories for the pictures were later tested, the researchers found that greater activation in the _____ region and the _______ brain regions) resulted in better memory performance,
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prefrontal, hippocampus
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Marisol is reading her textbook while ignoring the argument her younger siblings are having in the same room. Marisol's situation is a good example of _____.
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selective attention
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Saving information for future use is called _____.
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storage
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You are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but after you drive a little farther, you find you've forgotten it. This describes the limitations of ______ memory
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short-term
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Rehearsal increases the _____.
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length of time that information can be held in short-term memory
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the concept of ______ memory was proposed as an alternate conceptualization of short-term memory.
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working
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True or false: According to Baddeley's conceptualization of working memory, there are three components: the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the central executive.
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true
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Explicit memory is the _____ recollection of information such as facts and events.
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conscious
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Allison lived in a foreign country for a year, and she didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the United States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of _____ memory.
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procedural
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The memory of your grandmother's name is not just represented in a single spot in the brain but involves activity spread out a vast network of neural links connected to numerous nodes. This is an example of
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connectionism
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True or false: Memories in the brain are stored in a specific location.
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false
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A multiple-choice question that requires that you remember what you have seen before is an example of a _____ task.
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recognition
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Explicit memory information, such as prospective and retrospective memories, is transmitted from the hippocampus to which lobes?
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frontal