Psychology--Ch. 8.1

working memory

d.essentially limitless

d.encoding, storage, and retrieval

Both are types of long-term memory. Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall. Explicit memory is also called declarative memory and is subdivided into episodic memory (life events) and semantic memory (words, ideas, and concepts). Implicit memories are memories that are not part of our consciousness; they are memories formed from behaviors. Implicit memory is also called non-declarative memory and includes procedural memory as well as things learned through classical conditioning.

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, memory is processed in three stages. The first is sensory memory; this is very brief: 1-2 seconds. Anything not attended to is ignored. The stimuli we pay attention to then move into our short-term memory. Short-term memory can hold approximately 7 bits of information for around 20 seconds. Information here is either forgotten, or it is encoded into long-term memory through the process of rehearsal. Long-term memory is the permanent storage of information—its capacity is basically unlimited.

Information is encoded through automatic or effortful processing. Automatic processing refers to all information that enters long-term memory without conscious effort. This includes things such as time, space, and frequency—for example, your ability to remember what you ate for breakfast today or the fact that you remember that you ran into your best friend in the supermarket twice this week. Effortful processing refers to encoding information through conscious attention and effort. Material that you study for a test requires effortful processing.

input of sounds, words, and music

memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words

type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience

encoding of information that takes effort and attention

input of information into the memory system

type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory

memories we consciously try to remember and recall

memories that are not part of our consciousness

continuous storage of information

system or process that stores what we learn for future use

active rehearsal to move information from short-term memory into long-term memory

type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim

accessing information without cues

identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue

conscious repetition of information to be remembered

learning information that was previously learned

act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness

tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance

input of words and their meaning

type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes

(also, working memory) holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used

creation of a permanent record of information

input of images