Music Appreciation Midterm

song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment lasting several minutes

bass part together with numbers specifying the chords to be played above it

sung piece; choral work with or without vocal soloists; usually with orchestral accompaniment

hymn tune for congregational use

instrumental composition based on a chorale

polyphonic composition based on one main theme

text, or book, of a musical dramatic work

section of a musical work that sounds fairly complete and independent, but is part of a larger composition

play, set to music and sung to orchestral accompaniment, with scenery, costumes, and action

large-scale composition for chorus, vocal soloists, and orchestra, usually set to a narrative biblical text what Handel's "the Messiah" is Pieces of an oratorio are usually connected together by means of a narrator's recitatives

orchestral composition performed before the curtain rises on a dramatic work beginning orchestral compostition

single tone, usually in the bass, that is held while the other voices produce a series of changing harmonics against it

vocal line that imitates the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech imitates speech prior to aria

instrumental composition in several movements

imitation of a fugue subject before it is completed

set of dance-inspired movements

ornament consisting of the rapid alternation of two tones that are a whole or half step apart

450-1450 most musicians were priests boys received music education in churches women were not permitted to sing in churches. did make music in convents most "Middle Age" music was vocal instruments- used as accompaniment the organ- most prominent instrument

by unknown Gregorian chant from the mass of epiphany. many notes are sung to a single syllable of the text ABA form

melody set to sacred latin text, sung w/o accompaniment flexible rhythm/little sense of beat always monophonic named after Pope Gregory I who was credited by medieval legend as creating it actually evolved over many centuries passed along orally, later notated more narrow

by josquin desprez four-voice motet opening- imitation ending- "o mother of God, remember me. Amen." -slow chords express personal plea -intercessional prayer to the mother of God- the act of saying a prayer on behalf of another person

by hildegard of bingen monophonic has a drone

a string/ stays the same pitch while other instruments change pitch still monophonic in o successores

1450-1600 period of exploration printing widend circulation of music, increased need for more composers and performers music activity gradually shifted to courts

vocals most important (like middle ages) ren composers used "word painting" no extreme contrast of dynamics, tone color, and rhythm texture- mostly polyphonic imitation- very common "A Cappella" this style is very popular today in many styles of music) rhythm- gentle flow pitch patterns- easy to sing

2 types: MASS: (longer than motet) but alike in style has fix sections: -Kyrie -Gloria -Credo -Sanctus -Agnus Dei MOTET: polyphonic choral works- sacred latin text

by bach has tutti-solo sections

vocal music Madrigal-solo voices, short poem, usually about love (everyone must be solo quality) homophonic and polyphonic word painting

by Thomas Weelkes comes from "The Triumphs of Oriana" anthology of english madrigals written for queen elizabeth- aka oriana word painting

`1600-150 bizarre flamboyant elaborately ornamented sound fills space w/ action and movement shaped by needs of the church- emotional and theatrical qualities make worship more attractive 2 main giants: george frideric handel johann sebastian bach

1600-1640 homophonic texture (1 melody w/ accomp) italy- opera is invented vocal music is most important

1640- 1690 homophonic texture stays vocal still more important more music is being written for instruments, specifically string/violin opera spread form italy throughout Europe

1690-1750 bach and handel opera still exists poly and homophonic texture (poly returns) instrumental music becomes equal to vocal music bach (poly) and handel (poly and homo)

unity of mood- express 1 basic mood rhythm- repeated patterns melody- repeated at different pitch ranges sound elaborate and ornamental not easy to sing or remember dynamics- terrace dynamics (stay the same for a period of time, then change, e.g. steps) organ and harpsichord- main keybaord instrument clavichord- has brass blades to strike the string. keyboard instrument

small 10-40 players (nucleus: must have harpsichord, cello, double bass, bassoon no valves, difficult to play fast and high) trumpet players: aristocrat of the baroque period movement- part of a larger work, sounds

alternate between cg (solo) and rit (refrain)

instrumental composition in which a small group of soloists is pitted against a larger orchestra (tutti) violin, flute, or harpsichord usually 3 movements: fast- slow- fast

part of song that will be repeated (fragments or the entirety) strings usually movements become longer during the baroque time period

polyphonic (and imitation) voice= instrumental tone poly is based on 1 main theme called the subject (melody). other voices imitate can be written for a group of instruments of single instruments that can produce more than 1 note at a time/ imitate itself (like an organ)

the subject- almost always presented in monophonic texture countersubject- subject is countered in a different voice episode- transitional section. new material or fragments of subject/countersubject stretto- subject is imitated before it is completed. sounds like 1 voice is trying to catch up to the other pedal point- single bass tone held while other tones change prelude- introduce a fugue (optional) bach and handel- wrote 100s of fugues

bach

opera- drama sung to orchestral accompaniment no speech libretto- text voice categories: (highest to lowest) -coloratora soprano (highest ever) -lyric soprano/lyric tenor (female vs. male) -dramatic soprano/tenor -basso buffo (comic roles) 1-5 acts with scenes

orchestra introductions to acts after the first

aria, recitative, overture, prelude, costumes, scenery, acting, the castrato singer

virtuoso singer -now counter tenor

euridice by jacopo peri earliest perserved opera composed for King Henry IV's wedding performed in Florence in 1600

by claudio monteverdi first greate opera composed for the court of the Gonzago family in Mantua

both about euridice (greek myth) orpheu's attempt to bring her back to life) first public opera house- venice in 1637

by henry purcell first English opera (1689) "when I am layed in earth" commonly known as "dido's lamenent" dido prepares for her death

like an opera w/o acting, scenery, or costumes mostly based on biblical stories but not intended for religious services contains choruses, arias, duets, recitatives, orchestral interludes narrators and recitatives usually tell the story "the messiah" by Handel- best known and most loved oratorio

1685-1759 born in germany master of italian opera and english oratorio age 11 composed and gave lessons became england's most important composer and favorite of queen anne liked polyphonic texture but used all three almost blind later in life

by handel 2 1/2 hours in length-composed in 24 days [3 parts] part 1- prophecy of christ's birth part 2- the accomplishment of redemption by sacrific of jesus part 3- eternal life through christ as redeemer over 50 movements

1678-1741 born in venice violin teacher, composer conductor at the music school of the pieta, an institution for orphaned or illegitamate girls in venic considered one of the finest orchestras in italy performed out of sight he is best known for his concerti grosso and solo concertos

a piece for a single soloist and an orchestra

by vivaldi oepns with tutti (ritornello) than solo contains 2 phrases, each repeated

1685-1750 born in germany teacher or organ and composition came from a musical family began as a church organist, then a court organists later a concert master of the court orchestra in Weimar scared compositions wrote JJ (Jesu Juva) Jesus, Help at the beginning S.D.G. (Soli Deo Gloria) To God Alone, Alone the Glory at the end was recognized as the most eminant organists, harpsichordist, and improviser wrote in all forms except opera his works are used as models by music students today !Well-tempered clavier- 48 preludes and fugatives used to teach -12 in each major and minor key completely blind in last years

hymn tunes sung to a german religious text in the Luthern church service

bach's day was usually written for chorus, vocals and soloists, organ, and small orchestra to reinforce the minister's sermon often written for each week

one of bach's best known cantatus 7 movements opening phrase is repeated tenor chorale which is the most popular of the cantata 2 contrasting melodies against each other

by Handel Ana for tenor uses word painting

by handel uses all 3 textures