Lesson 12

After tripping over someone's book bag on the way into class, John felt embarrassed thinking that everyone in the room noticed. Actually, only the owner of the book bag saw John trip. John's thinking demonstrates: A. spotlight effect B. displacement C. projection D. self-esteem

Freudian psychologists may use _____ tests to evaluate personality characteristics: A. aptitude B. empirically derived C. inventory D. reaction E. projective

The tendency to accept favorable descriptions of one's personality that could really be applied to almost anyone is known as: A. the halo effect B. the Barnum effect C. projection D. factor analysis E. unconditional positive regard.

The best indicator of a person's level of optimism is his or her: A. individualism B. ideal self C. gender identity D. attributional style E. unconditional positive regard

The defense mechanism in which self-justifying explanations replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is: A. projection B. reaction formation C. repression D. rationalization E. displacement

Reaction formation refers to the process by which people: A. disguise unacceptable unconscious impulses by attributing them to others B. consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses C. retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of an earlier stage of development D. offer self-justifying explanations in place of the real but unacceptable unconscious reasons for action

The tendency to accept more personal responsibility for one's successes than for one's failures best illustrates: A. reaction formation B. an external locus of control C. self-serving bias D. reciprocal determinism E. the Barnum effect

Learned helplessness is most likely to promote: A. collectivism B. unconditional positive regard C. an internal locus of control D. the Barnum effect E. pessimism.

Characteristic patterns of behavior and motivation are called: A. aptitudes B. fixations C. projections D. traits

An unrealistic optimism about future life events could best be described as a(n): A. Electra complex B. fixation C. reaction formation D. self-serving bias E. external locus of control

Which of the following Big Five trait dimensions is most closely related to one's level of creativity? A. extroversion B. openness C. emotional stability D. agreeableness

Dogs strapped into a harness and given repeated and unavoidable shocks developed: A. a fixation B. a reaction formation C. learned helplessness D. a higher threshold of pain E. unrealistic optimism

Self-esteem is negatively correlated with: A. personal control B. self-serving bias C. depression D. individualism E. extroversion

Which theorists have been most directly criticized for underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation? A. trait B. psychoanalytic C. humanistic D. social-cognitive

According to Freud, the personality system that represents our sense of right and wrong and our ideal standards is the: A. collective unconscious B. ego C. self-concept D. superego E. id

In order to assess a client's personal growth, Carl Rogers measured the correspondence between _____ and _____. A. locus of control; self-actualization B. ideal self; actual self C. the client's values; the therapist's values D. unconditional positive regard; self-actualization E. self-esteem; locus of control

The perception that one's fate is determined by luck reflects: A. reciprocal determinism B. self-serving bias C. an external locus of control D. the pleasure principle E. the Barnum effect

Freud might say that a person who couldn't quit smoking was fixated at the: A. phallic stage B. anal stage C. neural stage D. Oedipal stage E. oral stage

Research on self-perception indicates that most people: A. suffer extensively from feelings of unrealistically low self-esteem B. feel more personally responsible for their failures than for their successes C. underestimate the accuracy of their beliefs and judgments D. view themselves very favorably in comparison to most others E. are unrealistically pessimistic about their personal future