Which of the following generally is true about caves formed by dissolution?
answer
Groundwater removes material from limestone.
question
Compared to a gentle slope, a steep slope will have a:
answer
slower rate of soil formation and less soil.
Correct
question
Which of the following has the lowest potential for landslides?
answer
Florida
question
What happens when rocks oxidize near Earth's surface?
answer
Minerals, especially those with iron, combine with oxygen.
question
Which of the following processes is NOT chemical weathering?
answer
Thermal expansion
question
The USGS evaluated the age of different parts of the Slumgullion feature by:
answer
examining the development of soil.
question
Lichens play a special role in chemical weathering by:
answer
secreting oxalic acid, which dissolves carbonates particularly well.
question
Which of the following is probably not important in assessing an area's potential for slope failure?
answer
-Comparing the geologic setting to adjacent areas that have or have not failed.
-Whether the material is loose sediment or solid bedrock.
-Recent changes in slope.
-The orientation of layering and fractures.
question
Joints in the landscape:
answer
-mostly form at depth and are uplifted to the surface.
-can detach thin slices of rock parallel to the land surface.
-cause highly jointed areas to be less resistant to weathering than more jointed ones.
question
Some rocks and minerals are not stable at the surface because:
answer
-they are exposed to water.
-they formed in high-temperature environments.
-they formed in high-pressure environments.
-they are exposed to oxygen.
question
Which of the following is a feature that commonly forms where limestone has been dissolved?
answer
-Sinkhole
-Karst topography
-Cave
question
Which of the following is the best indication that limestone caves could be present at depth?
answer
Sinkholes
question
Which of the following can we use to recognize prehistoric slope failures?
answer
-Orientation of beds and other geologic structures
-Masses of rock fragments that are unusual for an area
-Hummocky topography
question
Which of the following processes is NOT physical weathering?
answer
Oxidation
question
Which state would most likely have the highest rate of chemical weathering?
answer
Florida
question
What happens to the surface area of exposed rock if a rock is fractured?
answer
The surface area increases as the rock is fractured.
question
Where does the quartz in granite typically end up?
answer
It ends up as sand in rivers, dunes, and beaches.
question
What should have warned the people of coastal Venezuela that they were in a hazardous zone?
answer
All these should have served as warnings.
question
Which of the following factors does not control the stability of a slope?
answer
The angle of repose for intact bedrock
question
Which of the following features is formed by the collapse of caves?
answer
Sinkhole
question
What did the USGS discover when they studied the Slumgullion feature?
answer
The USGS discovered all these features and processes.
question
In which climate setting is karst topography most likely to feature steep pillars, knobs, and oddly shaped rocks?
answer
Tropical
question
What is the most common way in which sinkholes form?
answer
The roof of a cave collapses
question
Which of the following are true about factors that influence weathering?
answer
Soil and other weathering products tend to accumulate more on gentle slopes than on steep slopes.
question
If you were designing a rock that would be easily weathered, which of the following characteristics would it have?
answer
-Closely-spaced fractures
-A soluble chemical composition
-A limestone in a wet climate
-A rock composed of abundant pieces
question
What is the primary control in creating karst topography?
answer
Rock type.
question
Slope failures occur in all of the following locations except for:
answer
slope failures occur in all these locations.
question
Which sequence of events is required to form a limestone cave where you can walk around and observe cave formations, such as stalactites?
answer
Limestone is below the water table, then lowering of the water table, then water dripping from the ceiling
question
If you were designing a rock that resisted weathering, which of the following characteristics would it have?
answer
A quartz-rich rock
question
Which of the following features is not formed by precipitation of calcite from water?
answer
Sinkhole
question
Which of the following is true about how weathering affects fractured rocks?
answer
All these are true about how weathering affects fractured rocks.
question
What is a common rock that is readily dissolved by water and weak acids?
answer
Limestone.
question
Which of the following factors caused some high peaks of the Cascade Mountains of the Pacific Northwest to have high potential for slope failure?
answer
All these factors result in high potential for slope failure.
question
Which of the three chemical weathering processes involves the combination of a mineral with water to form a new mineral?
answer
Hydrolysis
question
What events caused so much damage along the north coast of Venezuela in 1999?
answer
Torrential rains caused debris flows and flash floods that raced through cities.
question
What is the main force involved in the stability of slopes?
answer
Gravity
question
Why is the Appalachian Mountains area at high risk for landslides?
answer
The rocks are folded, faulted, and weathered.
question
What type of slope failure has occurred in the Slumgullion area of Colorado?
answer
A slow-moving earth flow
question
Which of the following is true about how weathering affects fractured rocks?
answer
-Weathering affects rocks from the outside in, forming an outer weathered zone or rind.
-Weathering attacks corners from three sides and so these are preferentially removed.
-Preferential weathering along fractures can cause blocks to become rounded.
question
Which of the following slope failures is least likely to cause casualties?
answer
Creep
question
Which of the following is an expression of the angle of repose?
answer
-Talus slope.
-Some slopes of sand dunes.
-Angle of slopes on scoria cones.
question
What important constituent of soil is created through the hydrolysis of potassium feldspar?
answer
Clay
question
The largest area of karst in the United States is in:
answer
Florida.
question
What is the main reason why the oceans are salty?
answer
Weathering of rocks releases chemical elements that make the oceans salty.
question
Which of the following features is composed of calcium carbonate?
answer
-Limestone
-Travertine
-Cave formations like stalagmites
question
Which of the following does not commonly occur when dark-colored mafic rocks weather?
answer
Some minerals weather at different rate than other minerals.
question
Which of the following weathering processes results in the reddish orange coating on rocks, in soils, and on metal (rust)?
answer
Oxidation
question
What is a possible trigger for a submarine slope failure?
answer
-Overloading of sediment
-An earthquake
-A volcanic eruption
- A large storm
question
Which of the following factors favors movement of a rock slide?
answer
A valley or other open space downslope from the rock slide
question
What rock type is the most common setting for caves formed by dissolution of a rock?
answer
Limestone.
question
Which state would most likely have the highest ratio of physical weathering to chemical weathering rates?
answer
Nevada
question
Which of the following is a way slopes fail?
answer
-Large blocks fall from cliffs
-Rocks, soil, sediment, and ice slides down steep hillsides
-Pieces of loose rock accumulate on talus slopes until the angle becomes too steep
-Soil and other loose material can flow rapidly down slopes, forming debris flows
question
Which of the following is valid for how rocks weather?
answer
Limestone weathers rapidly in wet climates but can form cliffs in dry ones.
question
Which of the following is not used to classify slope failures?
answer
Age of failure
question
Which of the following slope failures is most likely to cause large numbers of casualties?
answer
Rock avalanche
question
Piles of broken, angular rock that have weathered and tumbled downhillaccumulate in __________ slopes.
answer
talus
question
All other factors being equal, a slope facing away from the Sun will tend to have:
answer
faster soil formation than the slope in direct sunlight, primarily because chemical weathering processes will be accelerated.
question
How does the character of a rock influence weathering?
answer
Rocks that are broken have more surface area and so weather faster.
question
Plant roots play a special role in chemical weathering by:
answer
producing carbon dioxide which mixes with water to form carbonic acid.
question
Which of the following factors is typically not used to classify slope failures?
answer
The climate in which the failure occurs
question
Which of the following slope failures moves at the slowest rate?
answer
Earth flow
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