Chap 17

The primary way in which underground water shapes topography is through ________. A) mechanical erosion B) abrasion C) hydraulic pounding D) chemical action E) dilution

Most limestone is ________ mechanical surface weathering. A) neutral to the effects of B) the cause of C) compatible with D) resistant to E) prone to

Like limestone, ________ is highly susceptible to subsurface erosion. A) gypsum B) shale C) sandstone D) granite E) basalt

Which of the following is not very resistant to solution in water? A) iron B) sodium C) diamond D) aluminum E) silicon

Which of the following enhances the rate of solution of bedrock? A) rock including great amounts of aluminum B) stagnation of underground water C) a profusion of joints and bedding planes D) an arid climate E) a cold climate

In rock, ________ is an end product of common solution reactions. A) bicarbonate B) chalk C) gypsum D) dolomite E) limestone

________ is the end product of the solution of limestone in water. A) Dolomite B) Calcium bicarbonate C) Carbon dioxide D) Nitric acid E) Gypsum

The brilliant colors around hot springs and geysers are ________. A) largely unexplained B) due to high pressure C) best seen in the winter D) due to algae E) very short-lived

The most rapid landscape solution occurs in ________ areas. A) dry B) middle latitude C) humid D) cold E) granite

Calcium carbonate is most readily dissolved in ________. A) cool water B) caverns C) warm water D) the process of stalagtite formation E) water nearly saturated with bicarbonate

Which of the following Earth materials is MOST resistant to solution? A) limestone B) sodium C) magnesium D) aluminum E) calcium

In terms of underground water, ________ is the most effective shaper of landforms. A) mechanical erosion B) corrosion C) hydraulic power D) channelized flow E) solution

The solubility of carbon dioxide ________ as water temperature ________. A) stays the same, decreases B) decreases, increases C) increases, increases D) decreases, stays the same E) decreases, decreases

________ is a calcium magnesium carbonate rock which dissolves almost as easily as limestone. A) Shale B) Gneiss C) Dolomite D) Granite E) Basalt

Underground water is a weak ________ acid. A) sulfuric B) carbonic C) nitric D) tannic E) citric

Which three substances are required to interact to form calcium bicarbonate? A) plants, magnesium, dolomite B) carbon dioxide, sunlight, and plants C) water, carbon dioxide, and lime D) water, carbon dioxide, and dolomite E) oxygen, water, magnesium bicarbonate

Caves are found in most parts of the world where there are thick ________ deposits under the surface. A) till B) tufa C) dripstone D) limestone E) sandstone

Deposition of dissolved minerals in caverns leaves deposits such as the icicle-like ________. A) sinkholes B) stalactites C) stalagmites D) dolines E) tufa

When a stalactite meets a stalagmite the result is a ________. A) doline B) pillar C) tombolo D) dripstone E) hydrothermal

Which of the following is an example of a speleothem? A) a sinkhole B) a doline C) a cavern D) a mogote E) a stalactite

In a cavernas compared with its bedrock surroundingslime readily precipitates from solution because ________. A) the water is purer B) pressure is lowered and evaporation is possible C) pressures are greater D) the water can run in streams E) temperatures are greater

Limestone caverns are closely associated with ________. A) granite bedrock B) bedding and jointing planes C) bicarbonate acting as an acid to dissolve rocks D) hot springs and geysers E) dissolution of minerals as they enter the caverns

Jointing systems cause many caverns to have a(n) ________ pattern. A) circular B) inconspicuous C) rectangular D) linear E) random

Cavern openings to the surface are usually ________. A) triangular in shape B) the largest part of the cavern C) warm D) small E) the site of hot springs

Lechuguilla Cave in New Mexico is special because a significant amount of the dissolution of its carbonate rocks was accomplished by ________. A) jointing B) carbonic acid C) sulfuric acid D) earthquakes E) sinter corrosion

Movement of underground water promotes solution where ________. A) the water is not saturated with bicarbonate B) the water is flowing in a stream C) high pressures are found D) high temperatures are found E) differences in rock resistance make the rock "softer"

________ are cave decoration features growing upward from a cavern floor A) "Zombies" B) Stalactites C) Theodolites D) Stalagmites E) Mogotes

Speleothems are associated with the ________ stage of cavern formation. A) dead B) room C) solution D) decoration E) initial excavation

The term "decoration stage" of cave development is related to all but one of the following terms: A) uvala B) stalactite C) stalagmite D) speleothem E) carbon dioxide and calcite

________ is the term for solution topography in areas of limestone bedrock. A) Karst B) Dripstone C) Doline D) Hydrothermal E) Travertine

The term "karst" is derived from the language in a section of ________. A) Brazil B) Australia C) Slovenia D) New York City E) the former Soviet Union

Karst landscapes ________. A) are formed by underground processes B) seldom have steep-sided terrain C) can be said to be the same as hydrothermal landscapes D) are somewhat less common in the U.S. than on Earth as a whole E) are formed in arid climates

Karst landscapes are noteworthy because ________ are absent. A) chemical weathering processes B) limestone and dolomite C) hills of any size D) surface streams E) caverns

A swallow hole is most closely associated with ________. A) tower karst B) a magma chamber C) fumaroles D) sinkholes E) geysers

________ are karst features also known as "haystack hills." A) Speleothems B) Mogotes C) Sinkholes D) Fumaroles E) Dolines

One of the common surface features of karst landscapes are sinkholes, also known as ________. A) dolines B) tufa C) geysers D) dripstone E) travertine

The production of travertine first requires that ________ dissolves in hot water and makes an acid that dissolves great quantities of limestone. A) carbon dioxide B) argon C) xenon D) nitrogen E) oxygen

In karst landscapes of slight relief, ________ is(are) the most common feature(s). A) sinkholes B) hot springs C) mogotes D) travertine E) caverns

From the text's description it is clear that sinkholes conflict with urban land uses in ________. A) Los Angeles B) New York city C) Florida D) Iowa E) Chicago

The rapid appearance of new sinkholes in Florida can be explained by which of the following? A) the rise of the water table B) buildings built on top of bedrock cavities C) several years of above-normal rainfall D) sandstone E) climate change

A large, steep-sided, circular hill of residual limestone bedrock is known as a ________. A) stalagtite B) doline C) sinkhole D) cavern E) mogote

Part of Kentucky has karst topography. Knowing this, it would NOT be logical to find ________ there. A) dry streambeds B) stalactites C) sinkholes D) soluble bedrock E) geysers

Which feature is created by solution? A) stalagmites B) stalactites C) sinkholes D) pillars E) speleothems

complex of intersecting dolines is known as a(n) ________. A) uvala B) cavern C) sinkhole D) speleothem E) geyser basin

Water flowing into sinkholes frequently disappears into ________. A) geysers B) joints C) karst D) swallow holes E) bedding planes

________ are typically found at the intersections of joints. A) Uvala B) Sinkholes C) Rivers D) Tower karst E) Magma chambers

________ is a term which refers to solution landscapes and literally means "barren land"? A) Karst B) Speleothem C) Dolomite D) Fumarole E) Doline

The largest sinkholes are in ________ regions. A) tropical B) polar C) ocean D) middle latitude E) high altitude

Which of the following is NOT a component of karst landscapes? A) extensive stream channels B) steep slopes C) sinkholes common D) dry stream valleys E) swallow holes common

________ are residual karst features having very steep sides riddled with caves. A) Travertine terraces B) Sinkholes C) Sinter cones D) Tower karst E) Calderas

________ are the karst analogs of river valleys in that they are the fundamental unit in both erosion and weathering. A) Caverns B) Haystack hills C) Disappearing streams D) Mogotes E) Sinkholes

A collapsed doline is the remains of a ________. A) cavern B) stalactite C) sinkhole D) mogote E) stalagmite

According to the text, tower karst exists in ________. A) the former U.S.S.R. and Iran B) Hawaii and Alaska C) the U.S. and Canada D) Japan and India E) China and Vietnam

In the original language, "karst" means "________". A) cavern B) barren land C) solution D) flat E) limestone

Soluble carbonate rocks are at or near approximately ________ percent of Earth's land surface. A) 100 B) 10 C) 1 D) 50 E) 5

In karst topography, ________ are said to be the fundamental unit of both erosion and weathering. A) sinkholes B) joints C) caverns D) rivers E) geysers

The slopes of these features have angles of repose of 20° to 30°. A) cavern walls B) sinkholes C) stalagmites D) geyser basins E) pillars

Which of the following is a landscape feature that would be LAST to form on a karst landscape? A) Cavern B) Sinkholes C) Tower karst D) Collapsed doline E) Disappearing stream

Tower karst forms spectacular scenery in which part of the world? A) Yellowstone National Park B) Southeastern China C) Most of Alaska D) The Alps of Europe E) The Rocky Mountains near Denver

Which of the following does NOT belong with the others? A) tufa B) sinter C) travertine D) caverns E) hot springs

Which of the following is NOT closely associated with hydrothermal activity? A) hot springs B) Yellowstone National Park C) caverns D) geysers E) fumaroles

In hydrothermal situations, superheating of water is possible because of the presence of ________. A) bedding planes B) joints C) high pressure D) lava E) sodium bicarbonate

The "internal plumbing system" of hydrothermal landscapes is capable of heating water to temperatures above 100°C while the water remains in liquid form; this water is referred to as ________. A) crystallized B) vaporized C) soil moisture D) mineralized E) superheated

Which of the following terms does NOT belong with the others? A) hydrothermal activity B) speleothem C) hot spring D) geyser E) fumarole

________ makes lime precipitate out of a water solution. A) Water squeezed into rock joints B) Sublimation of liquid water C) Rain falling out of clouds D) Photosynthesis in heat-loving algae E) Reduction of temperature and pressure

This word is from the Icelandic for "gush" or "rage." A) mogote B) superheated C) tufa D) sinter E) geyser

The presence of a hot spring on the surface means ________. A) heated rocks or magma are underneath B) a volcano will soon erupt C) underground water is virtually absent D) a volcano will erupt within 1,000 years E) the end of Earth is drawing near

A ________ is similar to a geyser except that it erupts no liquid water; it sends out only steam. A) travertine B) fumarole C) geyser D) sinter E) hot spring

________ is a deposit of hydrothermal materials. A) Limestone B) Stalagmite C) Stalactite D) Karst E) Travertine

A fumarole has ________. A) sandstone, usually, as its bedrock B) many of the characteristics of a hot spring C) a direct connection to a cave D) liquid water as its principal product E) a large amount of water involved in its functions

Which of the following is a MASSIVE accumulation of calcium carbonate? A) tufa B) carbonic acid C) sinter D) granite E) travertine

Travertine and tufa are both composed of ________. A) granite B) igneous rock C) calcium carbonate D) non-soluble minerals E) heat-resistant algae

Commonly, materials flowing out of hot springs build a ________. A) cavern B) doline C) sinkhole D) geyser E) dome

When hot water is ejected from a geyser, that flow is called a(n) ________. A) eruption B) tufa C) fumarole D) travertine E) motu

All major geyser basins are similar in that they are covered with ________. A) a gravel layer B) tufa layers C) mineral deposits D) a salt glaze E) a thick sulfur layer

Geyser deposits tend to form ________. A) mesas B) fumaroles C) terraces D) volcanic cinder cones E) sheets of precipitated matter

Geysers are best described as ________. A) an integral part of karst landscapes B) rarely disturbed by earthquakes C) common over most of Earth's land surface D) usually faithful in the timing of their eruptions E) eruptions of steam and water

Among all the hydrothermal areas in the world, the greatest concentration of activity is along the Firehole River in ________. A) California B) Wyoming C) Spain D) South Africa E) Iceland

Old Faithful is now less predictable because of ________. A) earthquakes in the 1980s B) human changes to the landscape around the geyser C) the natural damming of the Firehole River D) lessening rainfall because of climate change E) cooling of Yellowstone's underground magma chamber

Just beneath the surface of Yellowstone National Park is a large ________. A) karst cavern B) aquifer C) area of tower karst D) magma chamber E) volcano

The eruptions of Yellowstone's geysers as well as most of the others on Earth can be characterized as ________. A) containing only steam B) becoming much more frequent over time C) regular D) mysterious as to how they come to be E) irregular

Yellowstone National Park has the three necessary ingredients for hydrothermal activity: molten material close to the surface, broken rock material close to the surface, and ________. A) acidic groundwater B) plentiful precipitation C) relatively high altitude D) steep slopes E) much limestone

The surface of Yellowstone National Park's geyser basins is covered by whitish silica sinter known as ________. A) geyserite B) talc C) mica D) kimberlite E) frodoite

By far, the world's largest concentration of hydrothermal features occurs in ________. A) Florida B) Chile C) Wyoming D) Siberia E) Switzerland

Yellowstone National Park is the world's classic location for hydrothermal activity and the ________ River drainage basin contains most of the hydrothermal activity. So, this river basin is the world's best spot to observe hydrothermal activity. A) Bear B) Firehole C) Snake D) Wind E) Teton

Yellowstone National Park is known for its hydrothermal features. Yellowstone contains about ________ all the world's hydrothermal features. A) 75% B) 10% C) 1% D) virtually 100% (99.999%) E) 50%

Which of the following is an advantage of the use of geothermal energy? A) It can be used in home applications. B) It is immune from seismic activity. C) EGS technology can be applied anywhere. D) Large amounts of useful carbon dioxide are released. E) Useful minerals can be "mined" along with hot water.

Underground water has little importance in the shaping of landforms. True/False

The flow of underground water is largely unchanneled. True/False

Underground water is almost totally ineffective in terms of hydraulic power, erosion, and other kinds of mechanical erosion. True/False

Limestone surfaces are resistant to mechanical weathering processes. True/False

Surface limestone is far more resistant to erosion than the same rock underground. True/False

Pure water is an excellent solvent. True/False

Sodium is a rock-forming mineral which is very resistant to erosion. True/False

Limestone is so soluble that it usually produces a very subdued topographyvirtually flat surfaces. True/False

Cavern development is facilitated by the presence of sandstone. True/False

Valleys in karst terrain are generally dry and small. True/False

Surface streams are relatively rare in karst regions, but many streams flow in caverns below karst surfaces. True/False

Sinkholes are associated with igneous rock formations. True/False

Drainage in karst areas is often beneath the surface. True/False

The angle of response on the side of a sinkhole is usually 20 to 30 degrees. True/False

Water in hot springs is usually impregnated with a great deal of dissolved mineral water. True/False

Mound or terrace build-up is often a side effect of hot springs True/False

Hot watersuch as that in hot springsis a potent dissolver of minerals. True/False

Travertine and tufa are closely related deposits. True/False

Travertine deposits are relatively porous compared to sinter, which is relatively dense True/False

Hot springs are common features on Earth's landscapes. True/False

The heat emanating from a geyser basin is hundreds of times greater than the heat emanating from a non-geyser area of the same size. True/False

Geysers are associated with karst topography and sandstone bedrock. True/False

Old Faithful, in Yellowstone Park, is an example of a fumarole. True/False

Most geyser deposits take the form of miniature speleothems. True/False

Some geysers erupt continuously. True/False

The eruptions of Old Faithful are no longer faithful. True/False