GIS

integrates software, hardware, data, and people (specialists/users) to display geospatial information.

View, Edit, and Layout your data

Design and maintain a Geodatabase, preview geographic and geospatial data

Geoprocessing and Spatial Analysis

location. Maps, aerial photos, satellite images

information. Census, demographic, geologic data.

representation of real world features using digital images, scanned maps, composed of an array of pixels w/ a number in each cell representing the solid color fill of that cell

map features (line, polygon, point). Each feature has attributes (name, area, population..)

Location, condition, trends, and patterns

Better decision making, better record keeping, managing geographically, improved communication

Data collection, Data input, data management, and data output

information contained in maps and databases stored in a GIS system. Can be analyzed/integrated to reveal relationships. Base map, then layer schools, power plants, water quality, health, etc

pixel values are continuous and represent the concentration values of the phenomena (ex. DEM, temperature data, etc). NO ATTRIBUTE TABLES

Pixel values are independent and form abrupt boundaries (ex. land use, interval temperature data). Have attribute tables

Digital image (value represents object/quantity), Digital elevation model, digital graphic (base map w/ arbitrary colors), picture (represent geographic object/location used as attribute data)

basemaps (satellite image), surface maps (DEM), thematic maps (satellite image classified for land use), and as attributes of a feature (actual picture)

JPEG, GIF, .IMG, TIFF

General, data source, raster info, extent, spatial reference, statistics, pyramids

Downsampled layers (at a scale of 2:1) to improve performance. Ex. Nearest neighbor, bilinear interpolation, cubic convolution.

simple data structure (matrix of pixels), accurate representation of features, used a base map, for advanced spatial/statistical analysis, discrete/continuous surfaces, overlay data, stores points lines and polygons, can be converted to Vector data

use of geometrical primitives (lines, points, and polygons) to represent geographic features

stored as a series of x-y coordinate system

0-dimensional. For location only, has an attribute table

1-dimensional. Attribute table contains line length

2-dimensional with area and perimeter.

Features (no raster), feature class (feature+attribute only one feature per class with unique feature #), feature dataset (collection of feature classes + raster), then stored in a geodatabase

collection of rules that organizes the spatial relationships between features in a set of feature classes. Must not overlap, no gaps, must be in polygons

the study and practice of making maps. Includes map editing, projection, and design

graphical representation of some part of the Earth's surface. Contains a series of themes and coverages, and descriptive information.

Political, Physical (ex. mtns), Location, Thematic (pop density)

Color Coded and Graduate Color (monochromatic)

Graduate (different classes) and Proportional

closer dots =higher density of feature

use eye-catching features (pie charts, etc)

Manual, equal interval, quantile, defined interval, natural breaks, geometric interval, standard deviation

Divides one numeric attribute by another to minimize differences in values based on the size of areas or number of features in an area. Ex. US Pop '07 by states area = pop density

When zoomed out beyond this scale, features are not visible

When zoomed in, features will not be visible.

Maps, Graphs, Reports

collection of map elements laid out and organized on a page, for map printing

Map Size (Page and Print setup), neatline (Frame), title, legend, north arrow, Scale (large is very zoomed in), grids and graticules

determines map border

create graphs and reports from View

mathematical transformation of the 3-D spherical surface of the Earth onto a flat plane. used to create a map

more compact, easier to use, cheaper, viewed easily

Representing Earth's surface in two dimensions always causes distortion. Distorts shape, distance, area, direction

preserve the area of displayed features. Every part has the same area as the corresponding area on Earth, reduced scale. Ex. world political maps

preserves distance between points and true scale. Ex. Maps of airline distances

preserves the shape, correct angles. Ex. topographic maps

preserves direction. ex. navigation maps

sheet of paper around the sphere, then projects location onto a cylinder. For tropical regions

simply projects locations onto a flat sheet of paper. For polar regions

twists paper into cone before projecting locations. For middle latitudes

a system that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers that represents the position from the Equator/ Meridian (Latitude/Longitude)

angles measured from the Earth's surface to a point on the Earth's surface

Parallel with the equator. They are equidistant (69 miles)

parallel with the prime meridian (Greenwich Eng)

Degrees, Minutes, Seconds. 1 degree=60 min

not projected. 3-D spherical surface

the equipotential surface of the Earth's gravity field which best fits global mean sea level. Imperfect ellipsoid

the reference ellipsoid where the spheroid matches up perfectly with Earth's surface. Global and local. Datum origin is the true origin of the spheroid.

spheroid matches the earth surface closely in different parts of the world. Most common: WGS 1984 (NAD 1983)

spheroid matches the earth surface at one point closely, but not well at others. More accurate

2 dimensional Cartesian Coordinate System. 60 zones, 6 degrees per longitude. BAsed on Transfer Mercator conformal (cylindrical) projection

Divides US into 125 zones. Distortion is less than 1 in 10,000. States divided into 2-10 zones

a container for storing raster and vector and table data. It stores spatial and attribute data and the topology relationships. Also uses a database management system to manage features and tables.

From geodatabase to vector (feature dataset which includes the 3 feature classes point, line, polygon) and raster (digital image and digital graphic) and table (attribute and data)

personal and file

stores datasets in a folder of files, with each dataset file up to 1 TB in size. Can be used across platforms, and compressed/encrypted for read-only secure use. .gdb

stores datasets in a Microsoft Access .mdb file. Storage sizes between 250-500 MB. Limited to 2 GB. Only supported on Windows

a collection of related feature classes that share a common coordinate system

contains both the spatial and attribute data for a geographic feature

feature class, table, raster dataset

to geodatabase, shapefile, dBase (Table)

once compressed, a feature class or table is read-only and cannot be edited. Compression is ideally suited to mature datasets that do not require further editing. Can be uncompressed

Reduces size and improves performance. (>250 MB). Used for geodatabases with frequent data entry, deletion, or general editing. Open geodatabases in ArcMap cannot be compacted.

Helps you to share the geodatabase and make it available to others. It can be a local network, but must have administrator access to the server.

Created automatically and contains attribute data for a geographic feature.

this identifies a feature in a feature class. It is automatically generated and maintained. Spatial and attribute data of a feature is linked by means of this.

Consists of Records (rows) and Fields (columns).

OBJECTID and Shape are automatically generated and maintained. Each field is specifically defined and established before data entry. Field type define the data that can be stored in the field.

Feature editing must be stopped before adding Field. New Field name and type must be specified.

extracts certain records from a table based on a specified condition.

You can store a value for a feature attribute as Float, Double, Short Integer, Long Integer, Text, Date, and BLOB

the result of a query is a set of selected records that meet the criteria. The table only uses the selected records. You can export the selected records to a new table, calculate statistics/new values for the records, or produce a report.

combining two tables into one. the Tables must share a common field and have the same values and data types. Ex. heating fuel data by county with county polygons.

export data to make joins permanent

similar to a join except, the tables remain separate and items selected in one table may be highlighted in the related table.

Allows you to calculate coordinates, area, length, and perimeter. Can add X and Y fields in the attribute table and export them.

Digital Images and Digital Graphics

raster stores arbitrary color values that have no direct relation to the phenomena. Used as a base map, but cannot be used for analysis.

Raster pixels stores a value representing an object or quantity like reflectance, elevation, or temp. Remote sensing data, used for analysis.

From the Sun. Produces a continuous spectrum of energy from gamma rays to radio waves.

Consists of a scanning imaging spectrograph (lens/mirror that separates EM w/ a Prism) and a detector. Ex. Landsat TM

consists of thousands of light sensitive cells or pixels that are capable of producing an electrical charge proportional to the amt of light they receive.

Aerial photography, panchromatic, multispectral, hyperspectral, thermal

Uses a transmitter, duplexer, and receiver.

produces the short duration high-power EM pulses

alternately switches the atenna between the transmitter and receiver

amplify and demodulate the received signals

LiDAR (blue-green lasers and near-infrared laser (VIS)) and RADAR (X, C, L, and P-Band (Micro))

Spatial, Spectral, Temporal, and Radiometric Resolution

specifies the pixel size of satellite images. Small pixel=high res

specifies the number of spectral band the sensor can collect. Determined by the number of detectors. Multispectral (3-15 Band) and Hyperspectral is 220 Band

Specifies the revisiting frequency of a satellite sensor for a specific location. High temporal resolution is 0-3 days, medium is 4-16 days, low >16 days

Sensitivity to the magnitude of the EM energy. Imagery data represented by positive digital numbers. The range of DNs corresponds to the number of bits used for coding numbers in binary format.

each bit records an exponent of power 2. The maximum number of brightness levels available depends on the number of bits used in representing the energy recorded. Ex. 4 bits: 2^4=16. Values from 0 to 15. Black is 0 and white is the max value.

image is made up of tiny squares (pixels) each of a different gray shade or color that represents the relative reflected light energy recorded by the sensor.

Passive and Active

the taking of photos of the ground from an aircraft. Wavelength: Visible/Near-Infrared. USed for stereoscopic view, geologic and topographic mapping

refers to one spectral band black and white imagery. Satellite-acquired panchromatic imagery is usually acquired concurrently with other spectral bands. Often a finer than spatial resolution than the other data acquired. Wavelength: Visible. Used for geologic and topographic mapping, engineering surveys.

merge high-res panchromatic data with a lower res multispectral or hyperspectral data to create a colorized high-res data set. Data can be from the same sensor (ex. Landsat) or from two different Sensors (RADAR and Landsat)

refers to color imagery exposed by all visible light and infrared. It conisists of 3-15 spectral bands, Often of coaser spatial res than the panchromatic

Quickbird, IKONOS, SPOT, Landsat, ASTER, AVHRR

refers to color imagery exposed by all visible light and infrared. It consists of >15-220 spectral bands. It is often of coarser spatial res than panchromatic

MODIS, Hyperion, AVIRIS

Atmosphere and Weather, DEMS, assessment of vegetation cover and growth, biomass and deforestation (LAI), Land use, Change detection, Water, Geology, Soil classification and moisture content.

Aerosol optical depth derived from AVHRR showing the high aerosol load at the Po valley, Italy. RGB composit of Hurricane Issac

using stereoscopic imagery to generate DEM

Natural Difference Vegetation Index of Kansas Prairie. Leaf Area index using Hyperion Hyperspectral data.

Land cover classification of SE Louisiana using Landsat

Land cover change detection (Deforestation) using Landsat TM.

Observing satellite images of Chlorophyll concentration in the ocean water along CA to track algal blooms.

Water turbidity of a river using SPOT image

ASTER image analysis of zinc metal mining district in Namibia, Africa.

Atmosphere/sea surface temperature, volcanoes, Wild Fire, Object Detection, Contamination Detection, Submarine Springs

thermal infrared shows lava flow from active volcanoes

Night time Thermal Infrared Imagery of an Airport

usually have one band that cover an area in the microwave wavelength regions of EM spectrum. Used for topographic mapping, geology and mining, oil spill monitoring, Land Subsidence

usually uses pulses from a laser (In UV, Vis, or Infrared) to measure the distance to the object. Used for Topographic mapping, canopy height and biomass, land uplight and subsidence, flooding

Input, Output, Manipulation

Import Digital Image and Scanner Hardcopy Image

Grid Overlay Hardcopy Image, Digitizing Table Hardcopy Image, Screen Digitizing Digital image

Import Digital Table, Keyboard Hardcopy Table

Load digital raster images into the geodatabase. You can store many raster datasets or mosaic all your rasters into a single raster dataset.

Scanning is a process of converting existing maps (hardcopy) to digital form (raster format)

convert raster into vector. Create new maps from paper maps, aerial photos, satellite images. Editing and correcting map features, and add new features to existing maps

Grid of clear material is overlaid on map