When a fault is expressed at the surface, it is called a _____.
answer
fault scarp
question
The name of the site where slippage begins and earthquake waves radiate outward is called the _____.
answer
hypocenter
question
If the stress applied to the rock is greater than rock strength, what happens?
answer
Block sof rock will slide relative to one another along a fault, causing an earthquake.
question
The hanging wall moves _____ relative to the footwall in a _____ fault.
answer
down; normal
question
Which of the following might be seen where strike-slip movement has occurred?
answer
offset fences
question
Which of the following is a characteristic of an S wave?
answer
"shaking" particle motion at right angles to the direction of wave travel
question
What best describes the movement of P waves?
answer
compression and expansion
question
Amongst all seismic waves, surface waves _____.
answer
have the slowest velocity
question
The names of primary and secondary refer to _____.
answer
wave speed
question
Define earthquake intensity.
answer
A qualitative measure of the amount of ground shaking at a certain location
question
A smaller earthquake in Virginia was felt over a larger distance, as compared to a larger earthquake in California. What is the reason this occurred?
answer
colder crust
question
Richter magnitude (ML) is derived from measuring _____ and _____, and then plotting them on a Richter diagram.
answer
S minus P wave time; maximum S wave height
question
Why is moment magnitude (MW) preferred over Richter magnitude (ML)?
answer
Moment magnitude measures the total energy released during an earthquake and can adequately measure the energy of large earthquakes.
question
Which of the following best describes liquefaction?
answer
The transformation of stable soil into loose, liquefied material that is able to rise toward Earth's surface
question
Describe how sand volcanoes form.
answer
An earthquake causes loose, saturated sandy material to liquefy, shoot upward through fractures of a confining unit, and eventually erupt at the surface.
question
_____ in the sandy layer causes the ground to subside after sand volcanoes form
answer
Tighter packing
question
Structures build on _____ will become unstable during an earthquake.
answer
loose, saturated sediments
question
A tsunami is caused by _____.
answer
anything that displaces water
question
A _____ is located at a plate boundary between a subducting slab of oceanic crust and an overlying plate.
answer
megathrust fault
question
What happens to tsunami waves as they move closer to shore?
answer
Velocity decreases and height increases.
question
Which of the following locations on the Circum-Pacific Belt are likely to generate a tsunami?
answer
west coast of South America
question
_____ is a seismic zone that has not produced a large earthquake for a considerable length of time.
answer
A seismic gap
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