Reading Assessment: Chapter 4

A tsunami refers to A.an extremely large storm-generated wave. B.a large, fast, earthquake-generated water wave. C.an earthquake that occurs in Japan. D.an unusual type of vibration that occurs in areas where the ground is very weak.

Which shorelines are at greatest risk for tsunamis? A.All shorelines have a similar risk for tsunamis. B.Near hotspots C.Near transform plate boundaries D.Near subduction zones E.Near mid-ocean ridges

Why don't earthquakes on transform faults trigger tsunamis? A.The earthquakes aren't strong enough. B.The earthquakes aren't in the ocean. C.The earthquakes don't vertically displace the water in the ocean. D.The earthquakes don't move fast enough. E.The earthquakes don't horizontally displace the water in the ocean.

Which of the following signs should NOT cause a person to leave a coastal area due to the threat of a tsunami? A.An earthquake is felt near a susceptible coastline area. B.The ocean begins to recede showing the ocean floor. C.A tsunami siren is heard. D.A giant wall of water is seen moving towards the beach. E.Change in wind direction from blowing onshore to blowing offshore.

Which of the following regions has the LEAST risk from tsunamis? A.Japan B.Pacific Northwest coast of the U.S. C.Northeastern coast of the Indian Ocean D.Hawaii E.Atlantic coast of the U.S.

What is the difference between a distant tsunami and local tsunami? A.Distant tsunamis aren't dangerous. B.Distant tsunamis move farther from their source before they hit land. C.Distant tsunamis are larger than local tsunamis. D.Distant tsunamis are triggered in remote parts of the ocean whereas local tsunamis are triggered near the continents. E.Distant tsunamis hit the same area after the local tsunamis.

How are fires started after a tsunami? A.Fires are started after gas lines break and catch on fire. B.Fires are started by molten lava that erupts from the subduction zone. C.Fire is brought along with the tsunami as it moves. D.Fires are started when people build fires after the tsunami for heat. E.Fires are not associated with tsunamis because it is too wet.

A tsunami is a wave in the ocean A.usually caused by earthquakes. B.usually caused by tides. C.usually caused by hurricanes. D.seen only in Japan. E.seen only in the summer months.

Which of the following describes what happens to tsunami waves as they move towards the shore? A.Increase in amplitude and decrease in speed B.Decrease in amplitude and increase in speed C.Decrease in both amplitude and speed D.Increase in both amplitude and speed

Which of the following case histories did NOT involve a tsunami? A.Kobe, Japan in 1995 B.Indonesia in 2004 C.T hoku, Japan in 2011 D.Lituya Bay, Alaska in 1958

Which of the following describes the tsunami in Indonesia in 2004? A.M 9 earthquake triggered a 10 m tsunami (up to 40 m high in certain locations), which caused the meltdown of 3 nuclear reactors and killed more than 20,000 people in a country that has many high seawalls that were built to protect it from tsunamis. B.M 9 earthquake triggered a 10 m tsunami, which was the deadliest tsunami ever, killing more than 200,000 people in several countries. C.M 7.7 earthquake triggered a massive landslide, which fell into the water and caused water to surge over 500 m above the normal water level. D.Volcanic explosion caused part of the volcano to collapse into the ocean, producing a 35 m tsunami that killed 36,000 people.

Which of the following describes the tsunami in Japan in 2011? A.M 9 earthquake triggered a 10 m tsunami (up to 40 m high in certain locations), which caused the meltdown of 3 nuclear reactors and killed more than 20,000 people in a country that has many high seawalls that were built to protect it from tsunamis. B.M 9 earthquake triggered a 10 m tsunami, which was the deadliest tsunami ever, killing more than 200,000 people in several countries. C.M 7.7 earthquake triggered a massive landslide, which fell into the water and caused water to surge over 500 m above the normal water level. D.Volcanic explosion caused part of the volcano to collapse into the ocean, producing a 35 m tsunami that killed 36,000 people.

Which of the following describes the tsunami in Lituya Bay, Alaska in 1958? A.M 9 earthquake triggered a 10 m tsunami (up to 40 m high in certain locations), which caused the meltdown of 3 nuclear reactors and killed more than 20,000 people in a country that has many high seawalls that were built to protect it from tsunamis. B.M 9 earthquake triggered a 10 m tsunami, which was the deadliest tsunami ever, killing more than 200,000 people in several countries. C.M 7.7 earthquake triggered a massive landslide, which fell into the water and caused water to surge over 500 m above the normal water level. D.Volcanic explosion caused part of the volcano to collapse into the ocean, producing a 35 m tsunami that killed 36,000 people.

Which of the following describes the tsunami at Krakatoa in 1883? A.M 9 earthquake triggered a 10 m tsunami (up to 40 m high in certain locations), which caused the meltdown of 3 nuclear reactors and killed more than 20,000 people in a country that has many high seawalls that were built to protect it from tsunamis. B.M 9 earthquake triggered a 10 m tsunami, which was the deadliest tsunami ever, killing more than 200,000 people in several countries. C.M 7.7 earthquake triggered a massive landslide, which fell into the water and caused water to surge over 500 m above the normal water level. D.Volcanic explosion caused part of the volcano to collapse into the ocean, producing a 35 m tsunami that killed 36,000 people.

Why don't boats in the open ocean notice a tsunami approaching? A.Boats will usually mistake the large waves for tidal waves and not recognize them as tsunamis. B.Tsunamis are too small in amplitude in the open ocean and the distance between crests is too large for boats to notice their passing. C.Because tsunamis are produced by earthquakes, the boats are probably still recovering from the initial tremors to notice a change in the water waves. D.Tsunami waves don't break and therefore won't be noticed by boats. E.The statement is false. Tsunami waves are always noticed by boats in the open ocean.

Which region has the LEAST risk for tsunamis? A.Shorelines in the Indian Ocean B.Shorelines in the Pacific Ocean C.Shorelines in the Mediterranean Sea D.Shorelines in the Atlantic Ocean E.All shorelines have a similar risk for tsunamis

Which of the following is NOT a part of tsunami detection and warning? A.Seismographs B.Tidal gauges C.Buoy sensors D.Tsunameter E.Sling psychrometers

An important reason for the extraordinarily high death toll in the Indonesian tsunami of 2004 around the Indian Ocean was that A.people ignored warning sirens that were sounding and instead went to coastal areas to watch the incoming tsunami. B.panicking elephants created a stampede that crushed many people. C.there was no warning system to alert people to evacuate. D.buildings were not built to withstand a tsunami. E.tsunamis had never occurred in that area before.

Which of the following is NOT an effect that can be caused by tsunamis? A.Increased volcanic activity B.Fires C.Contaminated water supplies D.Disease E.Coastline erosion

Structural Control is a way of controlling A.building design near the shoreline to reduce future tsunami damage. B.planes of weakness in rock near the shoreline. C.the tsunami as it moves. D.the movement along the fault. E.the water flow on the shoreline.

Does human activity affect the magnitude, i.e., the amplitude, of tsunamis? A.Yes. Human structures on the shoreline increase the wave amplitude. B.Yes. Human use of the water increases the wave amplitude. C.Yes. Human use of the water decreases the wave amplitude. D.Yes. Global warming increases the wave amplitude. E.No. Human activity does not increase or decrease the wave amplitude.

Which of the following locations has NOT experienced a major tsunami in the last 20 years? A.Japan B.Maldives C.Indonesia D.New York City

Which of the following are hazards that are NOT related to tsunamis in some way? A.Erosion B.Volcanic activity C.Earthquakes D.Hurricanes E.Asteroids

Is it possible to predict the arrival time of a tsunami in distant areas after a major earthquake? A.Yes B.No, the calculations of a tsunami's arrival time are very time-consuming and cannot be completed before the tsunami arrives. C.No, tsunami behavior is poorly understood and calculations of a tsunami's arrival time are not possible at this time. D.Sometimes, depending on whether or not the wave splits into a distant and local tsunami

Which of the following is NOT a typical problem of erosion by tsunamis? A.Erosion damages structures built by humans. B.Erosion removes some of the shoreline, which causes valuable land to be unusable. C.Erosion shortens the shoreline, which makes the new shoreline more vulnerable to future wave erosion. D.Erosion dislodges native vegetation that is useful as a barrier against future wave erosion. E.Erosion creates waterfalls in coastal river channels, making navigation by boats dangerous.

What is "runup"? A.The farthest horizontal and vertical distance that tsunami waves move inland B.Speed of a tsunami wave as it nears the shore C.Speed of a tsunami wave when it is on land D.Amount of damage done by a tsunami wave E.Number of tsunami waves produced by an earthquake

A "runup map" shows where A.river floods are most likely to occur. B.people should flee during a tsunami. C.the greatest tsunami amplitudes have been in the past. D.water is likely to rise in an area during tsunamis of various sizes. E.emergency supplies should be located during any coastal hazard.

Which is the best explanation for how earthquakes cause tsunamis? A.Earthquakes shift the seafloor upward or downward, causing water to be vertically displaced. B.Earthquakes shake the water, causing the ripples to move outward in all directions. C.Earthquakes cause a release of gas on the seafloor that causes water to be displaced. D.Earthquakes heat ocean water, causing it to expand and move as a wave. E.Earthquakes transmit seismic waves, especially s-waves, upwards through the seawater and when the seismic waves reach the surface, they release that energy in the form of water waves.

What does it mean when a tsunami watch has been issued for an area? A.A tsunami is on its way. B.It is time to go down to the shoreline to watch for the tsunami. C.It is time to evacuate all areas of the shoreline as quickly as possible. D.A tsunami trigger has occurred and forecasters are watching for detection of a tsunami.

Which of the following is NOT a natural service function of tsunamis? A.Tsunamis bring in nutrients from the ocean to the soil. B.Tsunamis bring in sediment to some coastlines. C.Flooding from tsunamis clears out waste from waterways. D.Tsunamis bring in nutrients for fish and wildlife. E.Tsunamis provide to coastal areas a new dynamic ecosystem that is better adapted to the area than the previous one.

Which of the following is NOT a way to minimize the hazard from tsunamis? A.Greater emphasis on detection and warning systems B.Stricter building codes for structures on vulnerable coastlines C.Increased planting of native vegetation to break waves D.Educate people about what to do during a tsunami E.Prohibit hydraulic fracturing for natural gas

People on the African Coast had only minutes to prepare for the Indonesian tsunami of 2004.

A tsunami can NEVER strike locations on the East Coast of the United States because there are no subduction zones in the Atlantic Ocean.

The entire eastern U.S. coast has one the highest threats from tsunamis in the world.

A locked fault in a subduction zone represents a major threat for producing a large tsunami.

There is no way to know where a tsunami is likely to occur.

Tsunamis can be caused by triggers other than earthquakes.

Tsunamis have enough erosional power to alter the landscape of coastlines that they hit.

There is little chance of another devastating tsunami in Indonesia over the next 100 years because of the tsunami in Indonesia within the past 15 years.

Coastlines that are far from subduction zones have a lower risk for tsunamis compared to coastlines that are near to subduction zones.

Tsunamis can result in fires and polluted water supplies after they strike an area.

Human activities are making tsunamis more common and larger.

Buoys in the open ocean can detect the passage of a tsunami.

Usually, there is only one wave from the tsunami and once it recedes people may return to their homes.

Before a tsunami arrives, sea level often drops exposing the seafloor.

There are no natural service functions of tsunamis; they only cause negative impacts such as death and destruction.

All tsunamis in recorded history have occurred in the Pacific Ocean.

It is possible to examine the geologic record for ancient tsunamis that were not recorded by humans.