Chapter 8

ATP can easily release & store energy by breaking and reforming the bonds between it's phosphate groups.

ATP is a compound that looks almost like ATP except that it has two phosphate groups instead of three.

Organisms that obtain food by consuming other living things.

Organisms that make their own food

The process by which autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to produce high-energy carbohydrates that can be used as food

Plants convert the energy of sunlight into chemical stored energy in the bonds of carbohydrates

Photosynthetic organisms Capture energy from sunlight with pigments

Chlorophyll

Theyre inside the choroplast. They are arranged in stacks. Chlorophyll is located in the thylakoids. Light dependent reactions occur in thylakoids.

The fluid portion of the chloroplast outside of the thylakoids. The light independent reactions occur in the stroma.

A large fraction of that light energy is transferred directly to electrons in the chlorophyll molecule itself

Its a hydrogen carrier. It accepts and holds 2 high energy electrons along with a hydrogen ion. This converts NADP+ into NADPH.

6CO2+6H2O light ----> C6H12O6+6O2

Carbon dioxide+water light ----> Sugars+ Oxygen

First set of reactions because they require the direct involvement of light and light absorbing pigments. Uses energy from sunlight to produce energy rich compounds such as ATP. They take place within the thylakoids

Water as a source of electrons and hydrogen ions.

Oxygen and its let out into the air which we use to breathe

ATP and NADPH molecules produced in the light dependent reactions and are used to produce high-energy sugars from carbon dioxide. No light is required. Takes place in the stroma

The light dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce oxygen and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH

Clusters of chlorophyll and proteins known as photosystems.

Absorb sunlight and generate high-energy electrons that are then passed to a series of electron carriers embedded in the thylakoid membrane

A series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high energy electrons during ATP- generating reactions

Pigments absorb light energy,electrons become excited,electrons flow from chlorophyll along thylakoid membrane, energy from electrons flow along electron transport chain to get ADP + P ---> ATP

Light energy splits water ( photolysis), oxygen is released from leaves, electrons replaced in chlorophyll, hydrogen + NADP---> NADPH

Plants use the energy that ATP and NADPH contain to build stable high-energy carbohydrate compounds that can be stored for a long time.

When a phosphate is added changing ADP to ATP

Adenine,ribose, and three phosphate groups

When a phosphate group is removed

Autotrophs

Autotrophs produce carbohydrates

Pigments

The thylakoid membrane

The electrons in the chlorophyll molecule become energized

Oxygen

H2O and C2O

Less energy it has

Green

Theyre stacked

Carotenoids

ATP and NADPH

To produce ATP and NADPH for the calvin cycle

Excite electrons, split a water molecule into hydrogen and oxygen

The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the calvin cycle and the cycle returns ADP,P and NADP to the light reactions

CO2 ,ATP, RuBP

Thylakoid

Chlorophyll a & b

ATP synthase

Stroma

Thylakoid

Stroma

Chlorophyll

ATP , NADPH, CO2

Water, ADP, phosphate,NADP

Thylakoid