As climate change leads to drier and drier summers in the southeastern United States, more and more homeowners find that they have crabgrass growing in their yards. The reason for this is that
crabgrass is a type of cactus, so it grows better in dry climates.
as the climate changes, homeowners are not caring for their yards as well.
crabgrass is a tropical plant that likes hot, dry climates.
crabgrass is a type of C3 plant that does well in dry climates.
crabgrass is a type of C4 plant that does well in dry climates.
answer
crabgrass is a type of C4 plant that does well in dry climates.
question
The enzyme-rich solution found within the chloroplast is called the
granum.
chlorophyll.
cytoplasm.
stroma.
christae
answer
stroma
question
Why do plants contain other pigments besides chlorophyll?
The additional pigments are able to absorb other light wavelengths that chlorophyll cannot.
The additional pigments can only absorb violet or ultraviolet light.
Chlorophyll is unable to absorb visible light.
When chlorophyll breaks down, the additional pigments can absorb the same wavelengths of light.
When the additional pigments break down, the chlorophyll can absorb other wavelengths of light.
answer
The additional pigments are able to absorb other light wavelengths that chlorophyll cannot.
question
In a redox reaction, reduction means ________, and oxidation means ________.
loss of electrons; gain of electrons
gain of water; loss of water
gain of electrons; loss of electrons
loss of water; gain of water
gain of protons; loss of protons
answer
gain of electrons; loss of electrons
question
How many turns of the Calvin cycle would be required for a plant to make one molecule of glucose?
1
2
3
6
12
answer
6
question
Which of the following events does not take place in the light reactions?
transfer of electrons to the reaction center of photosystem I
generation of ATP from ADP + Pi
splitting of water, releasing an electron
generation of NADPH from NADP+
conversion of 3PG to G3P
answer
conversion of 3PG to G3P
question
Grana are
interconnecting stomata.
flattened sacs of thylakoid membrane.
pores that open to allow gas exchange.
the sites of the Calvin cycle and production of sugars.
enzymes that bind CO2.
answer
flattened sacs of thylakoid membrane.
question
Which of the following is not derived from G3P?
starch
cellulose
glucose phosphate
NADP+
sucrose
answer
NADP+
question
Which compounds link the light reactions with the Calvin cycle reactions?
ATP and NADPH
H+ and ATP
G3P and ATP
H+ and G3P
G3P and NADPH
answer
ATP and NADPH
question
The removal of electrons and/or hydrogen atoms from a substrate is called what?
oxidation
reduction
phosphorylation
metabolism
an enzyme-substrate complex
answer
oxidation
question
Not all molecules contain the same amount of chemical energy. What is the energy relationship between G3P and CO2?
G3P and CO2 have the same amount of energy.
G3P has less energy than CO2.
Neither G3P nor CO2 contain any chemical energy.
G3P has more energy than CO2.
There is not enough information provided to answer the question.
answer
G3P has more energy than CO2.
question
The production of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) in the Calvin cycle requires six molecules each of ATP and NADPH. Another three molecules of ATP are then used in the cycle. What is the purpose of the three additional ATP molecules?
to regenerate the starter molecule RuBP
to attract the next CO2 molecule to enter the Calvin cycle
to reduce the molecules of G3P to form glucose
to join acetyl CoA into pyruvate, preparing it to enter the citric acid cycle
to fix carbon dioxide to RuBP
answer
to regenerate the starter molecule RuBP
question
Which complex or enzyme of photosynthesis splits H2O?
photosystem I
photosystem II
rubisco
electron transport chain
ATP synthase
answer
photosystem II
question
A poison that disrupts the H+ gradient in the thylakoid space would most likely cause which of the following to accumulate during the Calvin cycle reactions?
3-phosphoglycerate (3PG)
ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP)
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
NADPH
1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
answer
3-phosphoglycerate (3PG)
question
Sucrose, cellulose, amino acids, and starch are all made from what starter molecule in plants?
glucose
fructose
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
ATP
RuBP carboxylase
answer
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
question
The O2 given off during photosynthesis is derived from which compound?
CO2 and H2O
RuBP
CO2
NADP+
H2O
answer
H2O
question
A plant that uses CAM photosynthesis is most likely to be successful in what type of environment?
cool, moist
hot, moist
cool, dry
hot, dry
semi-tropical
answer
hot, dry
question
Carotenoids are found in high concentrations in yellow and orange leaves or vegetables. This color is seen because the carotenoid pigments
reflect and transmit yellow and orange wavelengths of light.
absorb yellow and orange wavelengths of light.
absorb or transmit yellow and orange wavelengths of light.
absorb or reflect yellow and orange wavelengths of light.
absorb all wavelengths of light and then transmit yellow and orange wavelengths.
answer
reflect and transmit yellow and orange wavelengths of light.
question
Which stages of the Calvin cycle reactions require the use of energy from ATP?
CO2 fixation and CO2 reduction
CO2 reduction and RuBP regeneration
CO2 fixation and RuBP regeneration
CO2 fixation, CO2 reduction, and RuBP regeneration
CO2 reduction and RuBP oxidation
answer
CO2 reduction and RuBP regeneration
question
The Calvin cycle reactions only occur in bundle sheath cells in a C4 plant
to shield the Calvin cycle reactions from O2 in the leaf spaces.
to allow O2 to enter bundle sheath cells.
because rubisco is only found in mesophyll cells.
so that they are adjacent to stomata.
so that H2O is not available to mesophyll cells.
answer
to shield the Calvin cycle reactions from O2 in the leaf spaces.
question
Before being converted into sucrose, starch, or cellulose, G3P must first be converted into which compound?
glucose
galactose
glucose phosphate
fructose
3PG
answer
glucose phosphate
question
In a high latitude rainforest, the dominant type of photosynthesis is most likely to be
both C3 and CAM.
C4.
CAM.
both C4 and CAM.
C3.
answer
C3
question
Which steps of photosynthesis does C4 photosynthesis partition in space?
carbon fixation and Calvin cycle reactions
carbon fixation and light reactions
light reactions and Calvin cycle reactions
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) formation and glucose phosphate formation
1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) formation and glucose phosphate formation
answer
carbon fixation and Calvin cycle reactions
question
Which of the following organisms can perform photosynthesis?
algae
fungi
animals
invertebrates
vertebrates
answer
algae
question
Inside the chloroplasts, chlorophyll is found in the
mesophyll.
thylakoid space.
thylakoid membrane.
stroma.
cytoplasm.
answer
thylakoid membrane.
question
How does ATP synthase obtain the energy to produce ATP?
Hydrogen ions flow down a concentration gradient from the thylakoid space to the stroma through ATP synthase, releasing energy that can be used to produce ATP from ADP + Pi.
Water splits, releasing electrons that flow from the stroma to the thylakoid space and attach to the active site of ATP synthase.
Electrons from the reaction site center of photosystem II are funneled to ATP synthase, which uses the energy to produce ATP from ADP + Pi.
Hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space combine with electrons from the stroma at ATP synthase, releasing energy that can be used to produce ATP from ADP + Pi.
A hydrogen ion from NADPH is used by ATP synthase to power the production of ATP from ADP + Pi, and an electron is released, splitting water.
answer
Hydrogen ions flow down a concentration gradient from the thylakoid space to the stroma through ATP synthase, releasing energy that can be used to produce ATP from ADP + Pi.
question
In C4 plants, chloroplasts are located in
mesophyll cells.
the stomata.
both mesophyll and bundle sheath cells.
bundle sheath cells.
epidermal cells of the leaf.
answer
both mesophyll and bundle sheath cells.
question
In photosynthesis, the light reactions ________ while the Calvin cycle ________.
capture solar energy; converts the captured energy to chemical potential energy
can occur only in the light; can occur only in the dark
require the presence of ATP; makes ATP
can only function if the stomata are open; can only occur if the stomata are closed
use products manufactured in the dark reactions; creates products used in the dark reactions
answer
capture solar energy; converts the captured energy to chemical potential energy
question
Not all molecules contain the same amount of chemical energy. What is the energy relationship between G3P and CO2?
G3P and CO2 have the same amount of energy.
G3P has less energy than CO2.
Neither G3P nor CO2 contain any chemical energy.
G3P has more energy than CO2.
There is not enough information provided to answer the question.
answer
G3P has more energy than CO2.
question
Chlorophyll is to the light reactions as ________ is to the Calvin cycle.
NADP+
carbon dioxide
ATP
ATP synthase
RuBP
answer
RuBP
question
Which compounds link the light reactions with the Calvin cycle reactions?
ATP and NADPH
H+ and ATP
G3P and ATP
H+ and G3P
G3P and NADPH
answer
ATP and NADPH
question
Which of the following is not derived from G3P?
starch
cellulose
glucose phosphate
NADP+
sucrose
answer
NADP+
question
A small, low-growing plant found on the surface of a sun-exposed rock on a dry hillside would most likely use which type of photosynthesis?
CAM
C3
C4
both C4 and CAM
both C3 and CAM
answer
CAM
question
Before being converted into sucrose, starch, or cellulose, G3P must first be converted into which compound?
glucose
galactose
glucose phosphate
fructose
3PG
answer
glucose phosphate
question
The difference between bundle sheath cells in C3 and C4 plants is that
the bundle sheath cells in C3 plants have chloroplasts, while those in C4 plants do not.
the bundle sheath cells in C4 plants have chloroplasts, while those in C3 plants do not.
the bundle sheath cells in C3 plants are arranged in columns just beneath the upper epidermis, while those in C4 plants are arranged in a ring around veins.
the bundle sheath cells in C4 plants are arranged in columns just beneath the upper epidermis, while those in C3 plants are arranged in a ring around veins.
There is no difference in bundle sheath cells in C3 and C4 plants.
answer
the bundle sheath cells in C4 plants have chloroplasts, while those in C3 plants do not.
question
RuBP carboxylase (rubisco) is able to bind with both
carbon dioxide and water.
carbon dioxide and oxygen
carbon dioxide and NADPH.
oxygen and water.
NADPH and ATP.
answer
carbon dioxide and oxygen
question
What two things are added to NADP+ to convert it into NADPH?
H+ and electrons
electrons and ATP
H+ and ATP
H+ and CO2
electrons and CO2
answer
H+ and electrons
question
Energy to drive the formation of ATP in photosynthesis is derived from
H+ gradient.
NADP+.
G3P.
NADPH.
CO2.
answer
H+ gradient.
question
A new species of plant is discovered and you are asked to help classify it. Upon examination under a microscope, you find that there is a layer of bundle sheath cells containing chloroplasts around the vein of the leaf of the plant. What can you tell about the plant from this information?
This plant is unlike any other plant that has ever been discovered and is a completely new category of plant.
This plant very likely carries out C4 photosynthesis.
This plant falls into the category of CAM-type plants.
This plant uses chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis.
This is a C3 type of plant.
answer
This plant very likely carries out C4 photosynthesis.
question
The light reactions produce ________, which are used in the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle produces ________, which are in turn used in the light reactions.
ATP and NADPH; ADP and NADP
CO2 and H2O; glucose and O2
ATP and CO2; glucose and O2
glucose and O2; CO2 and H2O
ADP and NADH; ATP and NADPH
answer
ATP and NADPH; ADP and NADP
question
During photosynthesis, ________ is oxidized, while ________ is reduced.
water; carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide; water
carbohydrate; carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide; carbohydrate
carbon dioxide; oxygen
answer
water; carbon dioxide
question
Which of the following is a coenzyme?
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
chlorophyll a
electron transport protein
rubisco
NADP+
answer
NADP+
question
The end product of the Calvin cycle reactions is
glucose.
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P).
sucrose.
3-phosphoglycerate (3PG).
ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP).
answer
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P).
question
The light reactions of photosynthesis are said to be similar to a battery because they form a current. In which direction do the electrons of this circuit flow?
H2O β PSII β electron transport chain β PSI β electron transport chain β NADPH
H2O β PSII β chlorophyll b β PSI β chlorophyll a β NADPH
NADPH β PSII β electron transport chain β PSI β electron transport chain β NADP+
NADP+ β PSII β electron transport chain β PSI β electron transport chain β NADPH
PSI β electron transport chain β PSII β electron transport chain β NADPH
answer
H2O β PSII β electron transport chain β PSI β electron transport chain β NADPH
question
The light-harvesting complexes of a chloroplast are located in the ________; the enzymes of the Calvin cycle reactions are located in the ________.
thylakoid membrane; stroma
stroma; thylakoid space
thylakoid space; thylakoid membrane
stroma; thylakoid membrane
thylakoid space; stroma
answer
thylakoid membrane; stroma
question
A small, low-growing plant found on the surface of a sun-exposed rock on a dry hillside would most likely use which type of photosynthesis?
CAM
C3
C4
both C4 and CAM
both C3 and CAM
answer
CAM
question
The light reactions act much as a battery to power the reactions of the Calvin cycle. This energy is stored as
ATP and NADP+.
ADP + Pi.
ADP + Pi and NADP+.
ATP and NADPH.
NADPH and NADP+.
answer
ATP and NADPH.
question
The three stages of the Calvin cycle reactions are
NADPH reduction, CO2 fixation, and NADP+ regeneration.
NADPH reduction, CO2 fixation, and RuBP regeneration.
CO2 fixation, CO2 reduction, and RuBP regeneration.
CO2 fixation, CO2 reduction, and NADP+ regeneration.
CO2 reduction, NADPH reduction, and CO2 regeneration.
answer
CO2 fixation, CO2 reduction, and RuBP regeneration.
question
The light reactions produce ________, which are used in the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle produces ________, which are in turn used in the light reactions.
ATP and NADPH; ADP and NADP
CO2 and H2O; glucose and O2
ATP and CO2; glucose and O2
glucose and O2; CO2 and H2O
ADP and NADH; ATP and NADPH
answer
ATP and NADPH; ADP and NADP
question
Which statement is accurate about how C4 plants are able to survive hot, dry spells during the growing season?
When the stomata close during heat stress, RuBP carboxylase is not exposed to the increase in oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to avoid trying to use oxygen.
When the stomata close during heat stress, RuBP carboxylase is exposed to the increase in oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to avoid trying to use oxygen.
When the stomata open during heat stress, RuBP carboxylase is not exposed to the increase in oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to avoid trying to use oxygen.
When the stomata close during heat stress, RuBP carboxylase is exposed to the increase in oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to use oxygen for photosynthesis.
When the stomata open during heat stress, RuBP carboxylase is not exposed to the increase in oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to use oxygen for photosynthesis.
answer
When the stomata close during heat stress, RuBP carboxylase is not exposed to the increase in oxygen concentration experienced in the leaf. This allows the plant to avoid trying to use oxygen.
question
The localization of the electron transport chains to the thylakoid membrane ensures that
the energy released can be used to establish an H+ ion gradient.
the energy released is stored in the stroma.
NADP+ does not enter the thylakoid space.
CO2 remains in the stroma for the Calvin cycle reactions and does not enter the thylakoid space.
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) is produced in the thylakoid space.
answer
the energy released can be used to establish an H+ ion gradient.
question
ATP synthase derives energy for the generation of ATP from
the movement of hydrogen ions against their concentration gradient into the thylakoid space.
the splitting of H2O, which releases electrons.
solar energy captured by the light reactions changing the shape of the enzyme.
electrons transferred from NADPH causing the enzyme to change shape.
the movement of hydrogen ions down their concentration gradient from the thylakoid space to the stroma.
answer
the movement of hydrogen ions down their concentration gradient from the thylakoid space to the stroma.
question
ATP and NADPH are both used during the Calvin cycle. What is the function of each?
ATP supplies energy and NADPH supplies electrons for reducing power.
ATP supplies energy and NADPH fixes CO2 so it can enter the cycle.
Both ATP and NADPH supply energy to the Calvin cycle.
NADPH supplies energy and ATP supplies electrons for reducing power.
ATP and NADPH are joined into the starter molecule, RuBP, to form glucose.
answer
ATP supplies energy and NADPH supplies electrons for reducing power.
question
The enzyme-rich solution found within the chloroplast is called the
granum.
chlorophyll.
cytoplasm.
stroma.
christae
answer
stroma.
question
A poison that disrupts the H+ gradient in the thylakoid space would most likely cause which of the following to accumulate during the Calvin cycle reactions?
3-phosphoglycerate (3PG)
ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP)
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
NADPH
1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
answer
3-phosphoglycerate (3PG)
question
How many times must the Calvin cycle turn to yield a single molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)?
2
3
4
5
6
answer
3
question
Which complex or enzyme of photosynthesis splits H2O?
photosystem I
photosystem II
rubisco
electron transport chain
ATP synthase
answer
photosystem II
question
In C4 plants, the light reactions will stop during the daytime when the supply of what compound is limited?
chlorophyll a
NADP+
H2O
CO2
O2
answer
NADP+
question
Which of the following is a coenzyme?
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
chlorophyll a
electron transport protein
rubisco
NADP+
answer
NADP+
question
The light reactions produce ________, which are used in the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle produces ________, which are in turn used in the light reactions.
ATP and NADPH; ADP and NADP
CO2 and H2O; glucose and O2
ATP and CO2; glucose and O2
glucose and O2; CO2 and H2O
ADP and NADH; ATP and NADPH
answer
ATP and NADPH; ADP and NADP
question
A small, low-growing plant found on the surface of a sun-exposed rock on a dry hillside would most likely use which type of photosynthesis?
CAM
C3
C4
both C4 and CAM
answer
CAM
question
In a high latitude rainforest, the dominant type of photosynthesis is most likely to be
both C3 and CAM.
C4.
CAM.
both C4 and CAM.
C3.
answer
C3
question
The reaction center of photosystem I consists of what type of molecule?
chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b
carotenoids
NADP+
electron transport proteins
answer
chlorophyll a
question
Inside the chloroplasts, chlorophyll is found in the
mesophyll.
thylakoid space.
thylakoid membrane.
stroma.
cytoplasm.
answer
thylakoid membrane.
question
A coenzyme is defined as
a nonprotein helper that works with an enzyme.
another enzyme that assists an enzyme with a chemical reaction.
another enzyme in the same biochemical pathway.
a carbohydrate that assists an enzyme.
a protein that is not an enzyme.
answer
a nonprotein helper that works with an enzyme.
question
Which of the following is a disadvantage of C4 photosynthesis relative to C3 photosynthesis?
inability of rubisco to obtain O2
C4 plants need energy to move fixed carbon compounds into bundle sheath cells
need for stomata to close to conserve H20
need for energy to move H2O into bundle sheath cells
inability of ATP synthase to utilize H+ gradient for energy
answer
need for stomata to close to conserve H20
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