Ch34

25 July 2022
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question
B
answer
1) Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as A) the digestive system's opening. B) suspension-feeding devices. C) components of the jaw. D) gill slits for respiration. E) portions of the inner ear.
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D
answer
2) Which of the following statements would be least acceptable to most zoologists? A) The extant lancelets are contemporaries, not ancestors, of vertebrates. B) The first fossils resembling lancelets appeared in the fossil record around 530 million years ago. C) Recent work in molecular systematics supports the hypothesis that lancelets are the most recent common ancestor of all vertebrates. D) The extant lancelets are the immediate ancestors of the fishes. E) Lancelets display the same method of swimming as do fishes.
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A
answer
3) Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance? A) lancelets B) adult tunicates C) amphibians D) reptiles E) chondrichthyans
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B
answer
4) A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It has the following characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of the following characteristics? A) legs B) no jaws C) an amniotic egg D) endothermy
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D
answer
5) How many of the following statements about craniates is (are) correct? 1. Craniates are more highly cephalized than are noncraniates. 2. Craniates' genomic evolution includes duplication of clusters of genes that code for transcription factors. 3. The craniate clade is synonymous with the vertebrate clade. 4. Pharyngeal slits that play important roles in gas exchange originated in craniates. 5. The two-chambered heart originated with the early craniates. A) one of these B) two of these C) three of these D) four of these E) five of these
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D
answer
6) What do all craniates have that earlier chordates did not have? A) brain B) vertebrae C) cartilaginous pipe surrounding notochord D) partial or complete skull E) bone
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E
answer
7) Lampreys differ from hagfishes in A) lacking jaws. B) having a cranium. C) having pharyngeal clefts that develop into pharyngeal slits. D) having a notochord throughout life. E) having a notochord that is surrounded by a tube of cartilage.
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C
answer
8) The feeding mode of the extinct conodonts was A) herbivory. B) suspension feeding. C) predation. D) filter feeding. E) absorptive feeding.
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B
answer
9) The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which function? A) reproduction B) feeding C) locomotion D) defense E) respiration
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D
answer
10) A team of researchers has developed a poison that has proven effective against lamprey larvae in freshwater cultures. The poison is ingested and causes paralysis by detaching segmental muscles from the skeletal elements. The team wants to test the poison's effectiveness in streams feeding Lake Michigan, but one critic worries about potential effects on lancelets, which are similar to lampreys in many ways. Why is this concern misplaced? A) A chemical poisonous to lampreys could not also be toxic to organisms as ancestral as lancelets. B) Lamprey larvae and lancelets have very different feeding mechanisms. C) Lancelets do not have segmental muscles. D) Lancelets live only in saltwater environments. E) Lancelets and lamprey larvae eat different kinds of food.
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B
answer
11) The lamprey species whose larvae live in freshwater streams, but whose adults live most of their lives in seawater, are similar in this respect to certain species of A) chondrichthyans. B) actinopterygians. C) lungfishes. D) coelacanths. E) hagfishes.
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B
answer
12) Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes? A) lampreys B) chondrichthyans C) ray-finned fishes D) lungfishes E) placoderms
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A
answer
13) Which of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans? A) a mineralized, bony skeleton B) opercula C) bony fin rays D) a spiral valve intestine E) a swim bladder
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E
answer
14) To which of the following are the scales of chondrichthyans most closely related in a structural sense? A) osteichthyan scales B) reptilian scales C) mammalian scales D) bird scales E) chondrichthyan teeth
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D
answer
15) Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity between sharks and ray-finned fishes? A) The skin is typically covered by flattened bony scales. B) They are equally able to exchange gases with the environment while stationary. C) They are highly maneuverable due to their flexibility. D) They have a lateral line that is sensitive to changes in water pressure. E) A swim bladder helps control buoyancy.
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B
answer
16) Which group's members have had both lungs and gills during their adult lives? A) sharks, skates, and rays B) lungfishes C) lancelets D) amphibians E) ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs
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E
answer
17) There is evidence that ray-finned fishes evolved A) in response to a crisis that wiped out the chondrichthyans. B) directly from lampreys and hagfish. C) early in the Cambrian period. D) directly from lancelets. E) the swim bladder from a lung.
question
D
answer
18) The swim bladder of ray-finned fishes A) was probably modified from simple lungs of chondrichthyans. B) developed into lungs in saltwater fishes. C) first appeared in sharks. D) provides for regulation of buoyancy. E) Two of the options listed are correct.
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E
answer
19) Which of the following belongs to the lobe-fin clade? A) chondrichthyans B) ray-finned fishes C) lampreys D) hagfishes E) tetrapods
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D
answer
20) Arrange these taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific). 1. lobe-fins 2. amphibians 3. gnathostomes 4. osteichthyans 5. tetrapods A) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2 B) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 C) 4, 2, 3, 5, 1 D) 3, 4, 1, 5, 2 E) 3, 4, 5, 1, 2
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C
answer
21) A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was A) the appearance of jaws. B) the appearance of bony vertebrae. C) feet with digits. D) the mineralization of the endoskeleton. E) the amniotic egg.
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C
answer
22) What should be true of fossils of the earliest tetrapods? A) They should show evidence of internal fertilization. B) They should show evidence of having produced shelled eggs. C) They should indicate limited adaptation to life on land. D) They should be transitional forms with the fossils of chondrichthyans that lived at the same time. E) They should feature the earliest indications of the appearance of jaws.
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E
answer
23) Which of these are amniotes? A) amphibians B) fishes C) egg-laying mammals D) placental mammals E) More than one of these is correct.
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B
answer
24) Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough? A) It has a shell that increases gas exchange. B) It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment. C) It prolongs embryonic development. D) It provides insulation to conserve heat. E) It permits internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization.
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B
answer
25) Which era is known as the "age of reptiles"? A) Cenozoic B) Mesozoic C) Paleozoic D) Devonian E) Cambrian
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A
answer
26) Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments? A) the shelled, amniotic egg B) the ability to maintain a constant body temperature C) two pairs of appendages D) bony scales E) a four-chambered heart
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D
answer
27) Which of the following is characteristic of most extant reptiles and most extant mammals? A) ectothermy B) diaphragm C) shelled eggs D) keratinized skin E) conical teeth that are relatively uniform in size
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A
answer
28) At the end of which era did most dinosaurs and pterosaurs become extinct? A) Cretaceous B) Permian C) Devonian D) Ordovician E) Triassic
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D
answer
29) Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs? A) lizards B) crocodiles C) snakes D) birds E) tuataras
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B
answer
30) Examination of the fossils of Archaeopteryx reveals that, in common with extant birds, it had A) a long tail containing vertebrae. B) feathers. C) teeth. D) Three of the options listed are correct. E) Two of the options listed are correct.
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A
answer
31) Why is the discovery of the fossil Archaeopteryx significant? It supports the A) phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles. B) contention that birds are much older than we originally thought. C) claim that some dinosaurs had feathers well before birds had evolved. D) idea that the first birds were ratites. E) hypothesis that the earliest birds were ectothermic.
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A
answer
32) During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose? 1. amniotic egg 2. paired fins 3. jaws 4. swim bladder 5. four-chambered heart A) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 B) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5 C) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5 D) 2, 1, 4, 3, 5 E) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5
question
E
answer
33) Among extant vertebrates, a sheet of muscle called the diaphragm is found in A) birds. B) monotremes. C) marsupials. D) placentals. E) Three of the options listed are correct.
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E
answer
34) Which of these would a paleontologist be most likely to do in order to determine whether a fossil represents a reptile or a mammal? A) Look for the presence of milk-producing glands. B) Look for the mammalian characteristics of a four-chambered heart and a diaphragm. C) Because mammals are eutherians, look for evidence of a placenta. D) Use molecular analysis to look for the protein keratin. E) Examine the teeth.
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D
answer
35) Which of the following represents the strongest evidence that two of the three middle ear bones of mammals are homologous to certain reptilian jawbones? A) They are similar in size to the reptilian jawbones. B) They are similar in shape to the reptilian jawbones. C) The mammalian jaw has fewer bones than does the reptilian jaw. D) These bones can be observed to move from the developing jaw to the developing middle ear in mammalian embryos. E) Mammals can hear better than reptiles.
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B
answer
36) Female birds lay their eggs, thereby facilitating flight by reducing weight. Which "strategy" seems most likely for female bats to use to achieve the same goal? A) lay shelled eggs B) limit litters to a single embryo C) refrain from flying throughout pregnancy (about 6 weeks long) D) give birth to underdeveloped young, and subsequently carry them in a pouch that has teats E) feed multiple embryos internally using placentas
question
D
answer
37) In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal? A) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and mammals B) amphibians, mammals, and reptiles C) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and reptiles D) reptiles and mammals E) reptiles and amphibians
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C
answer
38) Their scales most closely resemble teeth in both structure and origin. A) amphibians B) nonbird reptiles C) chondrichthyans D) mammals E) osteichthyans
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B
answer
39) Internal fertilization, leathery amniotic egg, and skin that resists drying are characteristics of A) amphibians. B) nonbird reptiles. C) chondrichthyans. D) mammals. E) birds.
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A
answer
40) Which of the following are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates? A) ray-finned fishes B) birds C) amphibians D) nonbird reptiles E) mammals
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B
answer
41) What is the single unique characteristic that distinguishes extant birds from other extant vertebrates? A) endothermy B) feathers C) an amniotic egg D) flight E) a four-chambered heart
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B
answer
42) Arrange the following taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific). 1. apes 2. hominins 3. Homo 4 anthropoids 5. primates A) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 B) 5, 4, 1, 2, 3 C) 5, 4, 2, 1, 3 D) 5, 2, 1, 4, 3 E) 5, 2, 4, 1, 3
question
A
answer
58) At least one of these has been found in all species of eumetazoan animals studied thus far. A) Hox B) Dlx C) Otx D) FOXP2 E) more than one of these
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B
answer
59) Which of the following is a cluster of genes coding for transcription factors involved in the evolution of innovations in early vertebrate nervous systems and vertebrae? A) Hox B) Dlx C) Otx D) FOXP2 E) more than one of these
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E
answer
104) Vertebrates and tunicates share A) jaws adapted for feeding. B) a high degree of cephalization. C) the formation of structures from the neural crest. D) an endoskeleton that includes a skull. E) a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord.
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C
answer
105) Some animals that lived 530 million years ago resembled lancelets but had a brain and a skull. These animals may represent A) the first chordates. B) a "missing link" between urochordates and cephalochordates. C) early craniates. D) marsupials. E) nontetrapod gnathostomes.
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A
answer
106) Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods? A) a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates B) an armored, jawed placoderm with two pairs of appendages C) an early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal supports in its paired fins D) a salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton but moved with the side-to-side bending typical of fishes E) an early terrestrial caecilian whose legless condition had evolved secondarily
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B
answer
107) Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials A) lack nipples. B) have some embryonic development outside the uterus. C) lay eggs. D) are found in Australia and Africa. E) include only insectivores and herbivores.
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C
answer
108) Which clade does not include humans? A) synapsids B) lobe-fins C) diapsids D) craniates E) osteichthyans