Chapter 32

1. Extraembryonic membranes are NOT found in the development of A. amphibians. B. reptiles. C. birds. D. mammals. E. chordates.

2. Which of the following is NOT a unique characteristic of chordates at some time in their life history? A. a dorsal notochord B. a ventral hollow nerve cord C. pharyngeal pouches D. gill clefts E. a postanal tail

3. In vertebrates, the embryonic ____ is replaced by tissues that form a vertebral column. A. notochord B. nerve cord C. pharyngeal pouches D. gill clefts E. deuterostomes

4. In vertebrates, the _______ is/are usually replaced by ________. A. pharyngeal pouches; gill arches B. dorsal hollow nerve cord; a ventral solid nerve cord C. gill arches; pharyngeal pouches D. notochord; a dorsal hollow nerve cord E. notochord; a vertebral column

5. Defining characteristics of chordates are A. segmentation, dorsal hollow nerve cord, gill arches or pharyngeal pouches. B. dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, bilateral symmetry, and postanal tail. C. bilateral symmetry, segmentation, and well-developed coelom. D. well-developed coelom, gill arches or pharyngeal pouches, and notochord. E. gill arches or pharyngeal pouches, dorsal tubular nerve cord, notochord, and postanal tail.

6. Which statement about the chordates is NOT correct? A. Chordates have a notochord. B. Chordates have pharyngeal pouches. C. Invertebrate chordates are marine and filter feeding. D. Adult lancelets have all the characteristics that distinguish chordates from members of other phyla. E. Adult tunicates lack all the characteristics that distinguish chordates from members of other phyla.

7. Which of the following sequences correctly represents vertebrate evolution? A. jawless fish lobe-finned fish amphibians reptiles mammals B. jawless fish amphibians reptiles lobe-finned fish mammals C. mammals lobe-finned fish reptiles jawless fish amphibians D. lobe-finned fish mammals reptiles jawless fish amphibians E. lobe-finned fish reptiles mammals jawless fish amphibians

8. Which represents the correct order of evolution of chordate features? A. amnion limbs lungs jaws vertebrae B. limbs lungs jaws vertebrae amnion C. lungs jaws vertebrae amnion limbs D. vertebrae jaws lungs limbs amnion E. vertebrae amnion limbs lungs jaws

9. Which of these is NOT a true statement? A. All chordates are vertebrates. B. All vertebrates are chordates. C. Tunicates and lancelets are invertebrate chordates. D. Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes. E. Sea squirts are invertebrate chordates.

10. The lancelets are found A. in tropical Amazon streams. B. as parasites inside the tracts of fish. C. very rarely in mountain streams, where they are almost extinct. D. commonly in the sandy bottoms of shallow coastal waters around the world. E. on the bottom of the ocean.

11. Although adult tunicates are stuck to the ocean bottom, they are considered early relatives of vertebrates because A. tunicate gill slits are like ribs. B. tunicate adults have a notochord. C. tunicate larvae have a notochord. D. all vertebrate embryos go through a stage that resembles adult tunicates. E. tunicate adults have all four chordate characteristics.

12. Jaws are believed to have evolved from the A. cranium. B. first ribs. C. first pair of gill arches. D. tooth buds. E. suckers of lampreys.

13. The jawless fish that is parasitic, attaching itself to and sucking fluids from the tissues of a living fish, is the A. hagfish. B. lamprey. C. coelacanth. D. skate. E. ray-finned fish.

14. When researchers videotaped the body of a dead whale on the bottom of the ocean, it was rippling with the activity of many scavengers inside the carcass. These scavengers would have been A. hagfish. B. lampreys. C. coelacanths. D. skates. E. ray-finned fishes.

15. The cartilaginous fishes include all EXCEPT A. lampreys. B. dogfish shark. C. skates. D. rays. E. whale shark.

16. Sharks A. have bone skeletons. B. lack jaws. C. have a keen sense of smell. D. lack the lateral line system of bony fishes. E. do not have paired fins.

17. Which of these is NOT a characteristic of a shark? A. ability to sense electric currents in the water B. skeleton of cartilage C. a sucker used to attach to prey D. ability to sense pressure of other swimming objects E. ability to detect blood in minute amounts

18. Amphibians most likely evolved from ancestors most similar to the A. hagfish. B. lamprey. C. coelacanth. D. skate. E. ray-finned fish.

19. The living coelacanths discovered off the coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean in 1938, and near Indonesia in 1998, proved that it A. was a modern fish unrelated to fossil coelacanths. B. was the "missing link" between fish and amphibians. C. was the link between cartilage and bony fishes. D. had changed very little and had not gone extinct. E. had gone extinct and then evolved from other fish still present.

20. Amphibians are NOT considered to be fully adapted to life on land because A. they are dependent upon water for external fertilization. B. their skin is used for respiration. C. they have hopping legs. D. they have gills used for respiration. E. most amphibians live their entire lives in water.

21. The amphibian heart has A. two separate atria and two separate ventricles that partition oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood. B. two separate atria and one shared ventricle that allow oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix. C. two separate ventricles and one shared atrium that allow oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix. D. one atrium and one ventricle similar to the fish. E. one atrium and one ventricle but reroutes the blood through the heart after passing through the gills.

22. Which of these characteristics is NOT found in the amphibians but is developed in reptiles? A. thin, moist skin B. internal fertilization C. small, inefficient lungs D. aquatic larvae E. eggs with gelatinous covering

23. Which of the following features was NOT necessary for adaptation by reptiles to life on land? A. hard, horny scales B. internal fertilization by means of a penis C. shelled egg D. being cold-blooded E. well-developed lungs

24. Which types of embryos have extraembryonic membranes? A. fish B. frog C. salamander D. shark E. mammals

25. Which of these characteristics first developed in reptiles? A. amniotic egg B. scales on skin C. four-legged body D. skull and vertebral column E. animals with lungs

26. Animals with a three-chambered heart would include A. amphibians. B. mammals. C. fish. D. sharks. E. birds.

27. A heart with two separate atria and two separate ventricles is seen among A. fishes and amphibians. B. amphibians and reptiles. C. birds and amphibians. D. mammals and birds. E. fish and amphibians.

28. Which of these characteristics is NOT associated with flight requirements in birds? A. feet with claws B. light, hollow bones C. a light, horny beak with no teeth D. respiratory air sacs and lungs with one-way air flow E. an enlarged breastbone with strong muscles attached

29. Because most birds travel through the air at high speeds, they must have A. a crop and a gizzard. B. highly sensitive sensory systems. C. complex songs. D. eggs and no placenta. E. a three-chambered heart.

30. Endothermic animals with four-chambered hearts include the A. amphibians. B. reptiles. C. fish. D. arthropods. E. birds.

31. Which of the following features is NOT a characteristic used to distinguish birds? A. feathers B. air sacs C. variable body temperature D. hard-shelled egg E. four-chambered heart

32. Which of these is a proper contrast between birds and mammals? A. Birds are cold-blooded; mammals are warm-blooded. B. Birds are egg laying; no mammals lay eggs. C. Birds have air sacs in addition to lungs; mammals have no air sacs. D. Birds lack a septum between the ventricles; mammals have a septum between the ventricles. E. Birds, unlike mammals, require no parental care.

33. Vertebrates possessing a four-chambered heart are A. bipedal. B. all birds. C. warm-blooded (maintains a constant body temperature). D. cold-blooded (body temperature varies with external temperature). E. reptiles.

34. The respiratory advantage provided by a four-chambered heart over a three-chambered heart in vertebrates is A. combination of oxygen-rich blood with oxygen-poor blood. B. reduction of hemoglobin requirement. C. elimination of alveolar dependency. D. separation of oxygen-rich blood and oxygen-poor blood. E. more blood gets sent to the lungs.

35. Mammals are different from birds in all these characteristics EXCEPT A. having hair. B. having mammary glands. C. maintaining a constant body temperature. D. having young born alive. E. having a bladder.

36. The chief distinguishing characteristic of all mammals is the presence of A. constant internal temperature. B. four limbs. C. a four-chambered heart. D. hair and mammary glands. E. a placenta.

37. An animal that is characterized by vertebrae, dorsal hollow nerve cord, hair, and mammary glands must be a(n) A. fish. B. amphibian. C. reptile. D. bird. E. mammal.

38. Which type of mammal lays eggs? A. monotremes B. marsupials C. placentals D. snakes E. birds

39. The duckbill platypus is an exception to many mammals because it A. lacks hair. B. is ectothermic, or "cold-blooded." C. doesn't secrete milk. D. doesn't give live birth but lays eggs. E. is found in Australia.

40. The organ of nutrition used in fetal development in the most successful mammals is the A. mammary gland. B. egg. C. pouch. D. placenta. E. amniote egg.

41. The most primitive primates are considered to be the A. prosimians. B. apes. C. New World monkeys. D. Old World monkeys. E. humans.

42. All of the following are characteristics of primates EXCEPT the A. nails on hands and feet. B. stereoscopic vision. C. well-developed brain. D. opposable thumb. E. rapid growth after birth.

43. Primates are associated with all of the following except A. nails rather than claws. B. a larger brain (cerebral) volume. C. opposable thumb and sometimes large toe. D. eyes on the sides of the head. E. good hand-eye coordination.

44. Which of the following characteristics is NOT a distinguishing feature of all primates? A. opposable thumb B. fingernails C. usually single birth D. extended period of parental care E. expanded hindbrain

45. The fossil called Lucy is a member of the species ___, which lived about 3.18 million years ago. A. Australopithecus afarensis B. Australopithecus africanus C. Proconsul D. Homo habilis E. Homo erectus

46. Of the following fossils, which is arranged in the correct order from oldest to the most recent? A. Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, Homo habilis B. Homo sapiens, Homo erectus, Homo habilis C. Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens D. Homo erectus, Homo habilis, Homo sapiens E. Homo sapiens, Homo habilis, Homo erectus

47. Based on molecular data, the split between apes and humans is thought to have occurred about ______ million years ago. A. one B. two C. three D. five E. six

48. Sometimes biologists are alleged to have said that "man comes from monkeys." The correct way for a modern biologist to explain the apparent sequence of human evolution is A. monkeys have evolved less than humans. B. humans and monkeys share a common ancestor. C. humans and monkeys are biologically identical. D. evolution leads toward more perfect forms and humans therefore came after modern monkeys. E. humans continue to evolve while monkeys do not.

49. Which hominid is considered to be the handyman by being the first to use tools? A. gorilla B. Lucy C. Homo habilis D. Homo erectus E. chimpanzee

50. The main features that place Homo habilis in the genus Homo rather than Australopithecus are A. human facial appearance and lack of hair. B. advanced use of language and total carnivorous diet. C. brain size, posture, and dentition. D. care of young and altruistic behavior. E. hand grip, extensive use of tools, and house-building.

51. The stone tools and the dentition of Homo habilis indicate that early humans probably A. were herbivores. B. were carnivores. C. were omnivores. D. were predators. E. cooked with fire.

52. The first member of genus Homo to use fire is A. Australopithecus robustus. B. Australopithecus africanus. C. Homo habilis. D. Homo erectus. E. Homo sapiens.

53. The ____ are believed to be the first group of hominids that buried their dead. A. Homo habilis B. Homo erectus C. Peking man D. Homo neanderthalensis E. Cro-Magnon

54. All of these humans are believed to have evolved in Africa EXCEPT A. Homo erectus. B. Homo habilis. C. Homo rudolfensis. D. Neandertals. E. Homo ergaster.

55. Which of these made advanced tools and produced artwork? A. Homo erectus B. Homo habilis C. Cro-Magnon man D. Neandertal man E. Homo ergaster

56. Both echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes. This means that A. they have a similar development in their embryonic stages. B. they both have eyes that have retinas. C. they both start with radial symmetry in their early embryonic stages. D. they both use calcium-based endoskeletons. E. they are both invertebrates.

57. Nonvertebrate chordates, tunicates, and lancelets, differ from other chordates in that A. they do not have a notochord. B. they have gills, while other chordates have lungs. C. they do not have jaws, while all other chordates do have them. D. the notochord of nonvertebrate chordates does not become a vertebral column. E. nonvertebrate chordates do not have a internal bony skeleton, while all other chordates do.

58. Larval tunicates differ from adults in all but one of the following ways. Which of the following is not true? A. The adults are sessile and the larvae are free-swimming. B. The adults do not have a notochord, while the larvae do. C. The adults do not have pharynx and gill slits, while the larvae do. D. The adults do not have a dorsal, hollow nerve chord, while the larvae do. E. The adults do not have a postanal tail, while the larvae do.

59. The out-of-Africa hypothesis (replacement model) of human evolution proposes that Homo sapiens evolved from A. several populations of Homo ergaster that existed in Asia, Africa, and Europe. B. one population of Homo ergaster and the other populations were supplanted by H. sapiens. C. Old World monkeys. D. New World monkeys. E. chimpanzees.

60. Which feature is used to distinguish modern humans? A. bipedalism B. notochord C. use of tools D. omnivore diet E. forward-facing eyes

61. Identify the four morphological traits unique to the chordates.

62. Which species is believed to be the first creature to walk erect and possibly be the first hominin? A. Ardipithecus kadabba B. Australopithecus anamensis C. Ardipithecus ramidus D. Australopithecus afarensis E. Homo habilis

63. The australopithecines evolved and diversified in Africa from 4 MYA until 1.5 MYA and are the possible direct hominin ancestors for humans.

64. Which technology was first established by Cro-Magnon? A. throwing spears B. scrapers C. controlled fire D. group life E. All of the answer choices are correct.

65. The ability to throw spears and kill animals from a distance gave Cro-Magnons an advantage in their environment.

66. What is the most probable evolutionary path for genus Homo? A. Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Australopithecus afarensis - Homo habilis B. Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Sahelanthropus tchadensis -Australopithecus afarensis - Homo habilis C. Australopithecus afarensis - Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Homo erectus D. Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus afarensis - Australopithecus anamensis - Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Homo habilis E. Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Australopithecus afarensis - Homo ergaster

67. Which feature distinguishes birds from the rest of the reptiles? A. endothermic B. scales C. egg laying D. lungs E. four appendages

68. Identify the three living lineages of mammals and describe the feature that makes each one unique.

69. What is the correct evolutionary pathway for the key features of chordates? A. notochord - vertebrae - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg - mammary glands B. vertebrae - notochord- jaws - bony skeleton - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg - mammary glands C. notochord - vertebrae - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs - amniotic egg - 4 limbs - mammary glands D. notochord - vertebrae - jaws - bony skeleton - mammary glands - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg E. mammary glands - notochord - vertebrae - jaws - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg - bony skeleton

70. The ray-finned fishes are believed to have evolved into the amphibians.

71. List the features that make amphibians different than the fishes.