Biology 102 Practice Test 3

25 July 2022
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question
What does hermaphroditic mean?
answer
Each individual contains both male and female sexual structures. Most flatworms.
question
What are the most primitive bilaterally symmetrical and simplest acoelomatic animals in which organs occur?
answer
Flatworms.
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The most prominent phylum of acoelomates, including the free-living flatworms and the parasitic flukes and tapeworms are?
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Platyhelminthes.
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What is true about animals?
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They constitute millions of species, they are the most abundant living things, they are very diverse in nature, and they are found in every conceivable habitat.
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Animals are distinct among multicellular organisms because of what?
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Their cells lack rigid cell walls and are flexible, they can move more rapidly and in more complex ways than members in other eukaryotic kingdoms, they develop from a zygote in a characteristic embryonic development, and they show great diversity in size, form, and structure.
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What are the key transitions in body design that are responsible for most of the differences among the major animal phyla?
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Radial to bilateral symmetry, no body cavity to body cavity, unsegmented to segmented bodies, & protosome to deutersome development.
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Sponges exhibit what characteristics?
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Eat by flow of water through canals and pores, free-swimming larvae;sessile adults, lack of specialized tissues and organs, and lack of symmetry (may be radial in some species).
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What is true about cnidarians?
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They are widespread and abundant, especially in shallow, warm-temperature or subtropical waters, they are basically gelatinous in composition, they exist either as polyps or medusae, and they contain specialized cells called 'cnidocytes' within which nematocysts are found.
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Phylum platyhelminthes are characterized by what?
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Bilateral symmetry, solid bodies with an inner digestive cavity, flat ribbon-shaped bodies with dorso-ventral parts and anterior head, and they possess an excretory system.
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Flatworms are similar to sponges, cnidarians, and ctenophores in that they what?
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Lack circulatory systems for transport of oxygen and food.
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Flukes are parasitic worms whose host during the larval stage are usually what?
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Snails.
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The long, flat bodies of tapeworms are made up of repeating segments known as what?
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Proglottids.
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What is true about pseudocoelomates?
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They possess an internal body cavity called a pseudocoel, they posses a complete, one-way digestive tract, the pseudocoel permits resistance to muscle contraction, and they lack a defined circulatory system.
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What phylum includes snails, clams, oysters, & octopuses?
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Mollusca.
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In their basic body plan, mollusks have a visceral mass covered with a soft epithelium and a muscular what used in locomotion?
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Foot.
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What molluscan class includes snails and slugs?
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Gastropoda.
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What class contains two lateral shells hinged together dorsally and a wedge shaped foot? Includes clams, scallops, mussels and oysters.
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Bivalvia.
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Members of what class are the most intelligent of the invertebrates? Includes octopuses & squids.
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Cephalopoda.
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Annelids are characterized by what?
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Serial segmentation.
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The mollusks include what?
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Clams, oysters, snails, and squids.
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Examples of mollusks that live on land are what?
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Snails and slugs.
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The rasping tongue, the radula, is absent in which mollusks?
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Bivalve, oyster, & clam.
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Which of the following organs of cephalopods resemble those of the vertebrates?
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Eyes.
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Annelids possess what?
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Muscles to swim, crawl and burrow, ganglia to respond to light and other environmental cues, circulatory, excretory, and neural elements in each segment, and setae in each segment.
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The sexual reproduction of earthworms characteristically is what?
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Hermaphroditic but cross-fertilizing.
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The evolution of jointed appendages has made what very successful?
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Arthropods.
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What is the largest class of arthropods, and the most successful of all animals?
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Insects.
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Arthropods have a rigid exoskeleton made of what?
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Chitin.
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Arachnids are generally carnivorous, what being the main exception?
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Mites.
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Ticks are ectoparasites meaning what?
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They are parasites that occur on the surface of their host.
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The millipedes and centipedes both have bodies that consist of a head region followed by numerous segments that mostly bear paired what?
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Appendages.
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The evolutionary innovation that first appeared in arthropods and is characteristic of the most successful of all animal groups is that of what?
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Jointed appendages.
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The most important herbivores in all terrestrial ecosystems are what?
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Insects.
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The class arachnids includes what?
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Mites, scorpions, spiders, and ticks.
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Crustaceans include?
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Barnacles, crabs, pillbugs, sowbugs, and shrimp.
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Chordata and echinodermata are placed into the same group called deuterosomes because of what?
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Their similar embryological development.
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Echinoderms are what?
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Radially symmetrical animals with a five-part body plan.
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The what of deuterosomes develop quite differently than those of protosomes?
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Embryos.
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Echinoderms include?
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Brittle stars, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, and sea urchins.
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What is unique to echinoderms?
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The coelom is transformed into a unique water-vascular system that uses hydraulic power to operate many tiny feet.
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An animal with a single hollow nerve cord, a flexible rod on the dorsal side of the primitive gut, and pharyngeal slits is a what?
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Chordate.
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All vertebrates have a heart and a open or closed circulatory system of blood vessels?
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Closed.
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What is a diverse group of chordates with a backbone, containing members adapted to life in the sea, on land, and in the air?
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Vertebrates.
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What is the most diverse and successful vertebrate group, that provided the base for invasion of land by the amphibians?
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Fishes.
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What is the material of which the skeleton of chondrichthyes is composed?
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Cartilage.
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What were the first vertebrates to walk on earth?
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Amphibians with legs and more efficient blood circulation than fishes.
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What represents an important evolutionary link between aquatic and terrestrial life and cannot live independently of a water supply?
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Amphibians.
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What were the first vertebrates to completely master the challenge of living on land?
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Reptiles.
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One of the most critical adaptations of the reptiles in relation the their life on land is the development of what?
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The amniotic egg.
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The four living orders of reptiles include what?
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Turtles, lizards, snakes, and crocodiles.
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What are the most diverse of all terrestrial vertebrates and are closely related to reptiles, but have feathers?
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Birds.
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What is the only vertebrate class that possess hair and milk glands?
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Mammals.
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The chordates include?
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Reptiles, mammals, birds, and amphibians.
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Chordates have what characteristics at some time in their lives?
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Nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, and postanal tail.
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Non vertebrate chordates are what?
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Tunicates and lancelets.
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Amphibians are not completely free to love on land because of what?
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Their reproduction depends on water.
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What features contributed to the successful invasion of land by amphibians?
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Legs, lungs, redesigned heart, and a mechanism that prevents drying of the skin.
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What are the membranes of the reptilian amniotic egg?
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Chorion, amnion, yolk sac, and allantois.
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What features contribute to the ability of reptiles to survive on dry land?
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The amniotic egg, dry skin covered with scales, an efficient circulatory system, and efficient lungs.
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The most successful terrestrial vertebrates that invaded the air are what?
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Birds.
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What are orders of placental mammals?
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Primates, rodentia, cetacea, and carnivora.
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The vertebrate body includes a long tube that travels from one end to another and is suspended with an internal body cavity called the what?
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Coelom.
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Of the three multicellular kingdoms that evolved from protists, only what explore their environment by locomotion?
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Animals.
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What does nocturnal mean?
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Something is only active at night, the early arboreal insectivorous mammals leading to humans were.
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What were the first hominids to evolve?
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Australopithecines.
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The earliest human was called what, meaning 'handy man'?
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Homo habilis.
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What is the oldest members of our genus called?
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Homo, they had a distinctly larger brain than australopithecines and most likely used tools.
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Our own species, Homo sapiens, appears to have evolved in Africa how many years ago?
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Less than 200,000 years ago.
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What characteristics do primates have?
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They are mammals with grasping fingers and toes, they belong to the order containing lemurs, monkey and apes, & they have binocular vision.
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Apes and humans together make up a group called what?
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Hominoids.
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Chimpanzees are considered to be our closest ancestors because of what?
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Their DNA & human DNA are similar by 98.4% & their hemoglobin molecule differs from the human by only one amino acid.
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Homo erectus have been shown to come out of where?
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Africa.
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A major evolutionary innovation found in what is the internal extracellular digestion of food?
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Cniderians.
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What are solid worms that lack a body cavity?
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Acoelomates.
question
The vase-like body of a simple sponge is likely to contain what materials or layers?
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Mesophyll - a protein rich matrix, a somewhat contractile outer epithelium, specialized collar cells or choanocytes, and spicules or a spongin skeleton, or both.
question
What is found in a bivalve?
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A large wedge-shaped foot, mantle enveloping the internal organs, two large adductor muscles, and complex gills.
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The most intelligent of the mollusks, the squids and octopuses, also contain what?
answer
Tentacles.
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The circulatory system of an arthropod is open or closed?
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Open.
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The most successful class of arthropods is what?
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Insects.
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The arthropods, especially insects, affect human life by what?
answer
Pollination of crops and fruit trees, competition for food of every kind, crop damage before and after harvest, and production and spreading of many plant and human diseases.
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The passage of an arthropod through stages from egg to adult is called what?
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Metamorphosis.
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Spiders and certain other arthropods which lack jaws or mandibles are placed in a subphylum called what?
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Chelicerates.
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In arthropods locomotion is accomplished by muscles that work against what?
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The exoskeleton.
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Chelicerae function as what?
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Fangs or pincers.
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The most ancient group of the terrestrial arthropods are the what?
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Scorpions.
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The body plans of echinoderms includes what?
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Secondary radial symmetry with a five-part body plan, branches arise from the central nerve ring, and no brain or head present in the adults.
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What is the key evolutionary advance which started chordates along the evolutionary path that led to vertebrates?
answer
A flexible rod to which muscles are attached which allowed moving their backs from side to side.
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In addition to a vertebral column, all vertebrates have what?
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A distinctive head or skull.
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The remarkable success of bony fishes has resulted from a series of clever adaptations, which are?
answer
Swim bladders, lateral line systems, and gill covers.
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Amphibians are thought to have been evolved from what?
answer
Lobe-finned fish.
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All amphibians share which of the following common key characteristics?
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Cutaneous respiration and lungs, and partially divided heart and pulmonary veins.
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Features that have been retained by reptiles from the time they replaced the amphibians as the dominant terrestrial vertebrates are what?
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Water tight amniotic egg, dry skin, and thoracic breathing.
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Which of the following living reptiles care for their young and have a four-chambered heart, as birds do?
answer
Crocodiles.
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The key specializations that occurred in the evolution of mammals include what?
answer
Warm-bloodedness, the presence of placenta in most, different teeth suited for their diet, and digestive tract specialization.