WIS2552 Topics 9-16

The majority of introduced bird species are invasive and spread great distances from their point of introduction.

The _______ was introduced from Eurasia to the Great Lakes where it has been implicated in the formation of a 'Dead Zone' in Lake Erie.

The _____ is a small (3 inches in length) introduced species that eats the same foods as several native North American crabs.

According to an Ohio State University report _____ once were commonly introduced to the US in bunches of bananas.

According to Michael Huston, species from ______ seem to dominate the invasion process.

The Eurasian Collared Dove spread over Europe after it was introduced to ________.

__________ were introduced to Laysan Islands to produce a food supply for future visitors to the island.

A Dinoflagellate species that causes red tides was introduced to ______ in ship's ballast.

According to Long's book on introduced birds the highest number of bird species has been introduced to ________.

As many as 11 species of deer have been introduced to _______ for recreational hunting.

It is legal to hunt alligators in Florida

It is easier to farm species that are naturally ______ because they can be housed in groups.

The __________ is the most valuable part of a capybara carcass.

Captive populations can act as a reservoir for diseases that can spread to wild populations.

Long term studies show that alligator populations remain stable even when as many as 50% of nests are collected for ranching.

The reproductive efficiency of capybara is _________ that of cattle.

Most examples of successful wildlife ranching operations are confined to ________ regions.

If you were to farm wildlife, which of the following species would you choose as the most cost effective?

It is usually more cost effective to farm wildlife than to hunt it.

Flying foxes are threatened with extinction largely because they are considered a delicacy.

The Large Flying Fox is indigenous to Africa.

People in the world's tropical forests have little or no tradition of raising domestic livestock.

In tropical forest areas, all indications are that wildlife farming for meat is economically viable compared with farming domestic species.

Chinese Soft-shelled turtles have become pests in ______ where they were introduced.

Pacas are tropical ___________.

Frugivores like the _______ are popular as wild game but difficult and expensive to farm.

Alligators are farmed and ranched on a large scale in Florida and ____________.

Wildlife farming complicates law enforcement.

Scientists conducted domestication experiments on Paca in _________.

Wildlife ranching operations often combine the sale of hides and licenses to hunt with the sale of _____________.

Tropical forests are about ________ as productive as savannahs.

Flying Foxes are poor candidates for farming because they _________.

Capybara were officially classified as _______ by the Roman Catholic Church.

To be a good candidate for wildlife farming a species should have a ___________.

____% of cane rate farmers in Ghana rely on wild stock for breeding animals.

One ton of rabbits can be produced in ___.

Some Venezuelan ranch owners are more inclined to protect wetlands because they support capybara.

Sustainable use of alligators generate $_______ per year.

In this day and age, in tropical forests wildlife is never an essential food source for humans.

______ is not a South American candidate species for farming.

Captive populations can act as a reservoir for diseases that can spread to wild populations.

It takes ______ to produce one ton of cattle.

Most examples of successful wildlife ranching operations are confined to ______ regions.

Wildlife farming complicates law enforcement

If you were to farm wildlife, which of the following species would you choose as the most cost effective?

Barking deer are candidate species in _____ for farming.

People in the world's tropical forests have little or no tradition of raising domestic livestock.

Long term studies show that alligator populations remain stable even when as many as 50% of nests are collected for ranching.

The "grass cutter" is a species of ______ indigenous to Africa.

Species most suitable for farming have some of the same characteristics as species that might become ______.

Human hunting increases the population of predators.

Sustainable hunting occurs when people hunt for the sole purpose of providing for themselves and their family.

Hunting can lower the age of first reproduction in a hunted species.

Rodents, Pangolins and Primates make up about _____ of the bushmeat taken in west and central Africa.

One of the major factors that cause a shift to non-sustainable hunting is when nomadic tribes become _______.

Species with ____ intrinsic rates of population increase are less resilient to harvest.

Communal nesting birds are especially vulnerable to harvest.

For the sake of our bushmeat discussion ____ kinds of hunting are defined.

A major difference between the European and North American system of wildlife management is that in Europe the wildlife belongs to the ________.

Leopold's classic treatise on game management argues for the use of natural resources without destroying the possibility of future generations using them.

In Indochina, many large animals have been almost eliminated by hunting.

According to Moulton, early hunters probably helped wide out _______ in New Zealand.

For tropical forest species the mortality from hunting is largely _____ to natural mortality.

Subsistence farming occurs when forest people sell the animals they kill to other people living in the same village.

______ if a wildlife trade monitoring network of the IUCN and the WWF.

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the duiker populations has declined _____% due to subsistence hunting.

Leopold's model of resource use was based on management of upland game populations, habitat management and ______.

An unexpected consequence of the bushmeat trade is the threat to plant species that depend on animals for _______.

Primate populations in Equatorial Guinea have been reduced by _____% in some areas.

Hunting _______ population densities of hunted species.

Many markets in Indochina now only sell birds, bats and frogs because ______.

According to the IUCN Red List human hunting is responsible for the decline of _____ of the mammals and birds threatened with extinction.

Species are more resilient to harvest if they _____.

The bushmeat trade in primates is causing concern because new strains of an HIV like virus are infecting people who eat duikers.

Changes in hunting technology radically affect hunting. Wire snares and shotguns allow hunters to be more ______ and less ______.

Species that are vulnerable to local extinction are usually _____.

Rodents, Pangolins and Primates make up about _____ of the bushmeat taken in west and central Africa.

Hunters often select for _____ and ______ species, which can change the composition of the biological community.

Levels of several important greenhouse gases have increased by about _____ percent in the last 150 years.

Increasing spring temperatures have caused the annual first dates of calling by frogs in New York to ______ by 10-13 days.

Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide regulate our climate by trapping heat and holding it like a warm air blanket around earth.

Tortoises filled the niche of large grazing herbivores _________.

About half of all oceanic islands were formed as a result of continental drift.

The flying foxes (Oder Dermoptera) are indigenous to the ________ Zoogeographic Region.

Pigeons and doves on islands have commonly shifted their diets toward feeding on more ________.

Darlington observed a relationship between species number and __________.

The Wombats of Australia convergent with _______ of North America.

_________ is the main effect of introduced pigs on islands.

_______ in the Australasian Zoogeographic Region fills the niche of the sloths in the Neotropics.

________ is an example of a group that has undergone adaptive radiation in islands.

There are some scattered grassland habitats in the Oriental Zoogeographic Region.

The Nearctic Zoogeographic Region shares several groups of birds and mammals with the _______ Zoogeographic region

Zoogeographic regions are based chiefly on _______.

The _______ on Guam has been implicated as the major agent for extinctions in forest birds.

The leaf birds are found in the _______ Zoogeographic Region.

________ came up with the notion of Zoogeographic Regions.

Flightless Cormorants are native to the ________ islands.

Islands, in general, are characterized by having ________.

Golden moles are found in the _______ Zoogeographic Region.

In the 1970s, 12,000 ________ were introduced to Washington State from South America for sport hunting.

Elephant Shrews are found only in the _______ Zoogeographic Region.

In a completely nested pattern all the three species fragments would have __________.

In the Piceance Basin, some bird species of the Pinyon-Juniper Woodland would not cross even the smallest cleared areas

Land Managers cleared pinyon-juniper woodland in the Piceance Basin using ________.

Smaller fragments of habitat might not support a species because there is _______.

The most vehicle cause black bear deaths in Florida have occurred in the __________ area.

The Chief predators of small woodland birds in the Piceance Basin are ________.

Neotropical migrants are all passerine birds.

If the bird fauna in a series of fragments is nested then the mammals and flowering plants would also have to be nested.

Bolger and his team did not explicitly test the degree of isolation of a fragment age was important.

Bolger and his colleagues studied the distribution of _______ in chaparral fragments and plots.

Because of the impact of roads on certain species, the FWC and DOT _________.

In a completely nested fauna, the best strategy would be to protect ________.

The Piceance Basin is in _______.

Bolger and colleagues tested the notion that a pattern of nestedness might be due simply to ________.

The opposite extreme of a completely random distributional pattern is a completely ______ pattern.

Smaller fragments tend to have relatively more _______, which can increase predation pressure.

Bolger and his team found that the effect of reducing area of habitat was ________.

Of the following, ______ is an example of a species that is endangered by roads in Florida.

The idea that corridors could serve as landscape linkages came from ________.

Between 1976 and 2004 about _______ bears were killed on Florida Roads.

Once the Pinyon-juniper woodland was cleared the areas were seeded with ______.

Green Crabs were introduced to the United States from _______.

Green Crabs were first reported on the West Coast of the United States in ________.

The Eurasian Collared Dove came to the United States when it was intentionally introduced to Central Park in New York City.

Ladybird beetles were introduced to ______ to control a leaf scale insect that was destroying native cedar trees.

The only surviving wild population of one-humped camels occurs in ______.

Sea Lampreys invaded the Great Lakes following _______.

According to Moulton there are fewer examples of introductions to LDCs and MDCs.

________ were introduced to cane fields in Australia to control cane grubs.

Burmese Pythons in Everglades National Park were likely introduced by ________.

______ were introduced to Bermuda to control introduced Anolis lizards.

Colonists from ______ brought House Sparrows to Hawaii.

According to Lever's book on naturalized mammals the highest number of mammal species has been introduced to _______.

Zebra Mussels may concentrate toxins in their tissues that ultimately poison certain species of ________.

The ______ is an example of a mammal introduced to control rate in cane fields on Caribbean Islands and in Hawaii.

The Hui Manu was an Acclimatization society in ________.

According to a book by Meshaka, there are _______ species of introduced geckos in Florida.

The Red-billed Leiothrix was introduced to Hawaii from _______.

As many as 38 species of passerine birds were released in Tahiti _________.

English colonists introduced _______ into Lake Victoria

Zebra Mussels were fist seen in the US in _______ in 1988.

plants take up water from the soil and move it to the atmosphere by means of

plants invaded land during the

Only species of vertebrates have

bacteria play an especially important role in the cycle

digitalin is a compound produced by a certain

deuterotosomes have cleavage

all members of the phylum chorada share characters

intracellular digestion is characteristic of

rotifers are characterized by having

echinodermata is a phylum of

a true coelom is not seen in

a species of chameleon has been introduced to florida

caecilians are not found int he tropics of

the ocelot is found in

meerkats belong to the mongoose family

Zoogeographic regions are based chiefly on

About _____% of all mammal species are in the Order Rodentia.

The _______ are the only egg-laying mammals.

Wolverines belong to the same family as the _______.

Wilson and Reeder classify the marsupials into ______ orders.

______ of the following is an odd-toed ungulate.

Mammals are characterized by having ______ occipital condyles.

A Capuchin is a species of _______.

Meerkats are indigenous to the ______ desert.

The Waterbuck is actually not found in Africa, but rather in southeast Asia.

Mammals all have _____ cervical vertebrae.

The ______ is a forest dwelling close relative of the Giraffe.

The classification scheme used by Wilson and Reeder for marsupials, partly emphasized structure of the _______.

______ are the most arboreal Old World Monkeys.

Otters belong to the same family as the _______.

The Dingo of Australia is actually a marsupial.

Mountain Lions and Florida Panthers are members of the same species.

About _____ of the Marsupials have a permanent pouch for carrying young.

There are _______ surviving species of Order Monotremata.

Mammals all have ____ dentition.

The classification scheme used by Wilson and Reeder for marsupials, partly emphasizes structure of the _______.

Orangutans are native to ________.

Odd-toed Ungulates typically have less efficient digestive systems than the Even-toed Ungulates.

The ______ is the sole member of its family.

The Ocelot is a species that is indigenous to _______.

________ of the following is an odd-toed ungulate.

Modern ______ are thought to be most like the first mammals.

Schmidt's Spot-nosed Guenon is a species of _________.

Mammals have ________ jaw articulation.

_______ is the habitat of the Hartebeast.

_________(family) families of Marsupials occur(s) in Australia.

_________ is an African antelope of tall grass.

There are no Bears in Africa.

Sloths are adapted for a diet of _________.

________ of the following is a hindgut forager.

Richard Kilitie found a relationship between frequency of forest fires and the _______ of fox squirrels.

The Virginia Opossum arrived in North America in the ________.

________ of the following is an odd-toed ungulate.

_______ is a rocky semi-desert dweller.

The ________ are insectivorous mammals limited to Madagascar.

___ families of Marsupials occur in Australia.

____ families of Marsupials occur in South America

A Capuchin is a species of _______

About ____ of the Marsupials have a permanent pouch for carrying young.

About ____ of all mammal species are in the Order Rodentia.

_____________ are the most arboreal Old World Monkeys.

________ is a rocky semi-desert dweller.

Mammals all have ___ cervical vertebrae.

Mammals all have _________ dentition.

Mammals are characterized by having __ occipital condyles.

Mammals have ____________ jaw articulation.

Meerkats are indigenous to the ______ desert.

Modern ________ are thought to be most like the first mammals.

T/F Mountain Lions and Florida Panthers are members of the same species.

T/F Odd-toed Ungulates typically have less efficient digestive systems than the Even-toed Ungulates.

Of the following, pigs are most closely related to _____.

Orangutans are native to ________.

Otters belong to the same family as the _____.

__________ of the following is an odd-toed ungulate.

Richard Kilitie found a relationship between frequency of forest fires and the ________________ of Fox Squirrels.

__________ is an African antelope of tall grass.

Schmidt's Spot-nosed Guenon is a species of ____________.

_____________ is the habitat of the Hartebeast.

Sloths are adapted for a diet of _______.

Which of the following is an odd-toed ungulate.

The _______ is a desert dwelling antelope in Africa.

The classification scheme used by Wilson and Reeder for marsupials, partly emphasizes structure of the __________.

The classification scheme used by Wilson and Reeder for marsupials, partly emphasizes structure of the ______.

T/F The Dingo of Australia is actually a marsupial.

The ___________ are the only egg-laying mammals.

The Ocelot is a species that is indigenous to ________________.

The ______ is a forest dwelling close relative of the Giraffe.

The ___________ is the sole member of its family.

The _________ are insectivorous mammals limited to Madagascar.

The Virginia Opossum arrived in North America in the _________.

T/F The Waterbuck is actually not found in Africa, but rather in Southeast Asia.

There are __ surviving species of Order Monotremata.

T/F There are no Bears in Africa.

Wilson and Reeder classify the marsupials into ___ orders.

Wolverines belong to the same family as the ________.

________ of the following is a hindgut forager.

________ of the following is an odd-toed ungulate.

________ was the first species of the genus Paranthropus.

An opposable thumb is seen in the ________.

_________ _________ is now considered to be the oldest member of the human tribe.

Dryopithecus died out about _______ years ago.

Dryopithecus was a fossil ape that inhabited ______.

_____ is the oldest species in the genus Homo.

Homo ______ gave rise to three lineages.

Homo floresiensis fossils were discovered in __________.

T/F Lemurs reach their greatest species diversity in Madagascar.

Members of the genus Paranthropus apparently became specialized for a diet of _____________.

T/F Neanderthals and modern humans did not coexist.

Neanderthals apparently were adapted for feeding on __________.

T/F Neanderthals were genetically distinct from modern humans.

Of the following groups only the _____________ have a non-opposable thumb.

One author hypothesized that Neanderthals may have had a gestation period of ____ months.

Recent discoveries indicate that the limb structure of Dryopithecus was similar to that of modern ________.

Sivapithecus fossils have been found mostly in ______.

T/F The Aye Aye is a secretive species of the Strepsirrhini native to the Philippines.

The ________ uses its specialized third digit to tap on wood to detect insects.

The fossil known as "Lucy" was discovered in ______.

T/F The Gibbons are in the same family as the humans. False

The gibbons belong to the ________

The hallux is a technical term for _____________.

The Haplorrhini are characterized by all species having ________.

The Lemurs belong to the ___________.

The Lorises belong to the _____________.

The most recent fossils for Neanderthals show that they died out roughly ________ years ago.

The new world monkey group apparently colonized the new world in the _______.

The oldest species of Ardapithecus dates back more than ___________ years.

The Platyrrhini includes the New World monkeys and the ____________.

The pollex is a technical term for ________.

The Strepsirrhini broke off the main Primate lineage during the __________.

The _______ may be the oldest primate group.

T/F The tarsiers today are limited in distribution to the New World topics. False

There are roughly ___ species of Marmosets.

T/F About half of all oceanic islands were formed as a result of continental drift.

Atkinson argued that ___ were a major threat to Hawaiian forest birds.

Darlington observed a relationship between species number and _______.

_________ is an example of a group that has undergone adaptive radiation in islands.

Elephant shrews are found only in the ________ Zoogeographic Region.

Extinction rates are higher where area is _______.

Flightless cormorants are native to the _________ islands

Golden moles are found in the ________ zoogeographic region.

____________ is the main effect of introduced pigs on islands.

In the 1970s 12,000 ________ were introduced to Washington State from South America for sport hunting.

____________________ is the first step in adaptive radiation.

Islands, in general, are characterized by having _________________

______ in the Australian Zoogeographic Region fills the niche of the sloths in the Neotropics.

McNabb argued that flightlessness was common in islands because of ______________________.

Numbats feed almost exclusively on _______________.

On Madagascar the _____ is a tree climbing predatory species of the Old World weasel family Viverridae.

Pigeons and doves on islands have commonly shifted their diets toward feeding on more _____.

T/F Sloths and anteaters are toothless.

Species that occur in one place and are not known to occur anywhere else are said to be ______ to that area.

The ______________ on Guam has been implicated as the major agent for extinctions in forest birds.

The _____ was essentially a flightless pigeon in the Mascarene Islands.

The elephant bird was native to __________.

The fairy wrens are native to the __________ Zoogeographic Region.

The flyng foxes (Order Dermoptera) are indigenous to the _______ Zoogeographic Region.

The leaf birds are found in the _________ Zoogeographic Region.

The Nearctic Zoogeographic Region shares several groups of birds and mammals with the _________ Zoogeographic Region.

The Vassa forages on _______.

The Vassa is an ecological replacement for _____.

The wombats of Australia are convergent with _________ of North America.

T/F There are some scattered grassland habitats in the Oriental Zoogeographic Region.

Tortoises filled the niche of large grazing herbivores ________________.

Tortoises survive today in the Indian Ocean only on the island of _______.

_______ came up with the notion of Zoogeographic Regions.

Widow birds are native to the ________ Zoogeographic Region.

Zoogeographic regions are based chiefly on ________________

Because of the impact of roads on certain species, the FWC and DOT ______________________.

Between 1976 and 2004 about _______ bears were killed on Florida roads.

Bolger and his colleagues tested the notion that a pattern of nestedness might be due simply to _________.

Bolger and his colleagues studied the distribution of ____ in chaparral fragments and plots.

T/F Bolger and his team did not explicitly test the degree of isolation of a fragment age was important.

T/F Bolger and his team did not explicitly test the idea that fragment age was important.

Bolger and his team found that the effect of reducing area of habitat was ____________________.

T/F If the bird fauna in a series of fragments is nested then the mammals and flowering plants would also have to be nested.

In a completely nested fauna, the best strategy would be to protect _______________.

In a completely nested pattern all the three species fragments would have the _______________.

T/F In the Piceance Basin, some bird species of the Pinyon-Juniper Woodland would not cross even the smallest cleared areas.

Land managers cleared pinyon-juniper woodland in the Piceance Basin using _____________________.

T/F Neotropical migrants are all passerine birds.

Of the following, ____________ is an example of a species that is endangered by roads in Florida.

Once the Pinyon-juniper woodland was cleared the areas were seeded with _________________.

Smaller fragments of habitat might not support a species because there is _____________.

Smaller fragments tend to have relatively more ______, which can increase predation pressure.

The chief predators of small woodland birds in the Piceance Basin are ______.

The idea that corridors could serve as landscape linkages came from _______.

The most vehicle cause black bear deaths in Florida have occurred in the __________________ area.

The opposite extreme of a completely random distributional patter is a completely ________ pattern.

The Piceance Basin is in _______________.

___________ were introduced to cane fields in Australia to control cane grubs.

________ were introduced to Bermuda to control introduced Anolis lizards.

__________ were introduced to Laysan Island to produce a food supply for future visitors to the island.

According to an Ohio State University report __________ once were commonly introduced to the US in bunches of bananas.

According to a book by Meshaka, there are ___ species of introduced geckos in Florida.

According to Lever's book on naturalized mammals the highest number of mammal species has been introduced to ____________.

According to long's book on introduced birds the highest number of bird species has been introduced to _______.

According to Michael Huston, species from _______ seem to dominate the invasion process.

T/F According to Moulton there are fewer examples of introductions to LDCs than MDCs.

A Dinoflagellate species that causes red tides was introduced to ________ in ship's ballast.

As many as 11 species of deer have been introduced to ___________ for recreational hunting.

As many as 38 species of passerine birds were released in Tahiti ______________.

Burmese pythons in Everglades National Park were likely introduced by _______ ______.

Colonists from _______ brought House Sparrows to Hawaii.

English colonists introduced _____ _____ into Lake Victoria.

Green crabs were introduced to the United States from _______.

Green crabs were first reported on the West Coast of the United States in ______.

Ladybird beetles were introduced to _______ to control a leaf scale insect that was destroying native cedar trees.

Sea Lampreys invaded the Great Lakes following ________________.

The ________ _______ was introduced from Eurasia to the Great Lakes where it has been implicated in the formation of a ODead Zone' in Lake Erie.

The _________________ is an example of a mammal introduced to control rats in cane fields on Caribbean Islands and in Hawaii.

The Eurasian collared dove spread over Europe after it was introduced to _______.

T/F The Eurasian Collared Dove came to the United States when it was intentionally introduced to Central Park in New York City.

T/F The majority of introduced bird species are invasive and spread great distances from their point of introduction.

The Hui Manu was an Acclimatization society in _______.

The only surviving wild population of one-humped camels occurs in _________.

The ________________ is a small (3 inches in length) introduced species that eats the same foods as several native North American crabs.

The Red-billed Leiothrix was introduced to Hawaii from _____.

Zebra mussels may concentrate toxins in their tissues that ultimately poison certain species of _________.

Zebra Mussels were first seen in the US in ____________ in 1988.

___ of cane rat farmers in Ghana rely on wild stock for breeding animals.

__________ is not a South American candidate species for farming.

Alligators are farmed and ranched on a large scale in Florida and ________.

American alligators are listed on Appendix II of CITES to help control the trade in __________.

Barking Deer are candidate species in ______ for farming.

Be a good candidate for wildlife farming...

T/F Captive populations can act as a reservoir for diseases that can spread to wild populations.

Capybara were officially classified as ____ by the Roman Catholic Church.

Chinese soft-shelled turtles have become pests in ________ where they were introduced.

T/F Flying foxes are threatened with extinction largely because they are considered a delicacy.

Flying foxes are poor candidates for farming because they ___________________.

Frugivores like the ____ are popular as wild game but difficult and expensive to farm.

If you were to farm wildlife, which of the following species would you choose as the most cost effective?

In ______ the state of Florida introduced legislation to protect Alligators.

T/F In this day and age, in tropical forests wildlife is never an essential food source for humans.

T/F In tropical forest areas, all indications are that wildlife farming for meat is economically viable compared with hunting or farming domestic species.

It is easier to farm species that are naturally ________ because they can be housed in groups.

T/F It is legal to hunt alligators in Florida.

T/F It is usually more cost effective to farm wildlife than to hunt it.

It takes _______ to produce one ton of cattle.

T/F Long term studies show that alligator populations remain stable even when as many as 50% of nests are collected for ranching.

Most examples of successful wildlife ranching operations are confined to ________________ regions.

One ton of rabbits can be produced in ___________.

Origins of domestic stock date back _____ years.

Pacas are tropical ______.

T/F People in the world's tropical forests have little or no tradition of raising domestic livestock.

Scientists conducted domestication experiments on Paca in _______.

T/F Some Venezuelan ranch owners are more inclined to protect wetlands because they support capybara.

Species most suitable for farming have some of the same characteristics as species that might become _____.

Sustainable use of alligators generates ___________ per year.

T/F The Large Flying Fox is indigenous to Africa.

The reproductive efficiency of capybara is ______ that of cattle.

The ____ is the most valuable part of a capybara carcass.

The grass cutter is a species of _______ indigenous to Africa.

To be a good candidate for wildlife farming a species should have a ____________ output.

Tropical forests are about ____ as productive as savannahs.

T/F Wildlife farming complicates law enforcement.

Wildlife ranching operations often combine the scale of hides and licenses to hunt with the sale of _____.

_____ is a wildlife trade monitoring network of the IUCN and WWF.

A major difference between the European and North American system of wildlife management is that in Europe the wildlife belongs to the _________.

According to Moulton, early hunters probably helped wipe out ______ in New Zealand.

According to the IUCN Red List human hunting is responsible for the decline of ___ of the mammals and birds threatened with extinction.

According to the IUCN's Red List of threatened species, human hunting is responsible for the decline of ______ of mammals and birds threatened with extinction.

An unexpected consequence of the bushmeat trade is the threat to plant species that depend on animals for ________________.

Changes in hunting technology radically affect hunting. Wire snares and shotguns allow hunters to be more ______________.

T/F Communal nesting birds are especially vulnerable to harvest.

For the sake of our bushmeat discussion _ kinds of hunting are defined.

For tropical forest species the mortality from hunting is largely ________ to natural mortality.

T/F Human hunting increases the population of predators.

Hunters often select for ________ and __________ species, which can change the composition of the biological community.

Hunting _____ population densities of hunted species.

T/F Hunting can lower the age of first reproduction in a hunted species.

Hunting lowers population

T/F In Indochina, many large animals have been almost eliminated by hunting.

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the duiker populations has declined ____ due to subsistence hunting.

T/F Leopold's classic treatise on game management argues for the use of natural resources without destroying the possibility of future generations using them.

Leopold's model of resource use was based on management of upland game populations, habitat management and __________.

Many markets in Indochina now only sell birds, bats and frogs because _____________.

One of the major factors that causes a shift to non-sustainable hunting is when nomadic tribes become ___________.

Primate populations in Equatorial Guinea have been reduced by ___ in some areas.

Rodents, Pangolins and Primates make up about ___ of the bushmeat taken in west and central Africa.

Species are more resilient to harvest if they ____________.

Species that are vulnerable to local extinction are usually __________.

Species with ___ intrinsic rates of population increase are less resilient to harvest.

T/F Subsistence hunting occurs when forest people sell the animals they kill to other people living in the same village.

T/F Sustainable hunting occurs when people hunt for the sole purpose of providing for themselves and their family.

T/F The bushmeat trade in primates is causing concern because new strains of an HIV like virus are infecting people who eat duikers.

_____________ is a group of bird species that is severely impacted by size of protected areas.

T/F According to Moulton, Global Warming will be greatest in sub-arctic boreal forests of Siberia and North America.

According to a 2006 study by Camille Parmesan, the recent relatively mild climate change of 0.6 C has impacted ___ of all wild species.

T/F As rising temperature disrupt natural systems most species will be able to migrate or change their behavior.

At polar latitutes, declines in the abundance of ____ have affected a wide range of species from seabirds to marine mammals.

Cathi Campbell found that humans were harvesting large numbers of Green Sea turtles off the coast of ___________.

T/F Driving a car generates more greenhouse gas than almost anything you do.

Global warming will seriously impact Florida because it has lots of ______________.

T/F Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide regulate our climate by trapping heat and holding it like a warm air blanket around earth.

If no action is taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, scientist predict that the planet's average temperature will increase by __________ C in 50 years.

Increasing spring temperatures have caused the annual first dates of calling by frogs in New York to _________ by 10-13 days.

In our example, people in the Philippines were over-harvesting __________.

In the US each person is responsible for releasing approximately __ tons of CO2 emissions compared with an average 6 tons per person throughout the rest of the world.

In the USA, a rise in sea levels would have the greatest impact on which two states_____________.

Levels of important greenhouse gases have increased by about __ percent in the last 150 years.

T/F Many species of cloud forest frogs have declined or gone extinct in Cost Rica.

T/F Methods for conserving biodiversity include reducing carbon emissions.

Most observations of climate change responses in plants and animals have involved alterations in species' phenologies, otherwise known _______________.

Recent climate trends in mountainous areas in Central and South America have produced optimal conditions for chytrid _______, which is the likely cause of amphibian extinctions.

Reducing carbon emissions can help to reduce ______________.

Scientists are able to compare levels of greenhouse gases from thousands of years ago with present day levels by analyzing __________.

Scientists have concluded that human consumption of __________ is the major force driving global warming.

T/F Some reptiles exhibit temperature sex determination.

T/F Spring in Alaska now arrives 2 weeks earlier than in 1950.

Terborgh claims that ______ are particularly harmful to tropical birds.

The _____ ______ Act helped restore populations of water birds in New York harbor.

The __________________ was the last species of bird described in the US.

The 2006 Stern Report estimates that it will cost __ of global GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to stabilize the effects of Global Warming.

T/F The climate is changing uniformly across the globe.

The Concho River Water Snake is listed as ___________.

The cue for pied flycatchers to begin their migration from Africa to northern Europe is not temperature but _________.

The Dusky Seaside Sparrow originally occurred only in _________.

T/F The effects of global warming will be felt most severely in developed countries.

The global warming controversy is largely a/an ________ debate.

T/F The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement among industrialized nations to cut greenhouse gas emissions. The US agreed to join other nations in this effort.

The major gas associated with global warming is _____

The majority of greenhouse gasses are produced by ________________.

The temperature of the ________ determines the sex of alligator hatchlings.

The US Forest Service is under the Department of ___________.

The US Park Service is an agency under the Department of _________.

The USFWS __________________ to help conserve Concho River Water Snakes.

Tortuguera is a protected area in _______________.

Tortuguera was established as a protected area for _____________.

T/F Wading birds in Everglades National Park have declined due to bureaucratic forces inside the Park.

T/F Water Birds of several species have increased in New York harbor.

hoatzine and kakapos are both folivours ____

capybara are giant semi-aquatic -

a ger is a ____ -

in the United States, one of the first attempts to reintroduce an animal to the wild involved the ___ -

some folivores use ___ as another way to save energy -

reintroduction is not a viable option for the majority of species threatened with extinction

Most observations of climate change responses in plants and animals have involved alterations in species' phenologies, otherwise known as ______.

Scientists have concluded that human consumption of _______ is the major force driving global warming.

The temperature of the _____ determines the sex of alligator hatchlings.

_______ is a group of bird species that is severely impacted by size of protected areas.

Recent climate trends in mountainous areas in Central and South America have produced optimal conditions for _______ which is the likely cause of amphibian extinctions.

Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide regulate our climate by trapping heat and holding it like a warm air blanket around earth.

In the US each person is responsible for releasing approximately _____ tons of CO2 emissions compared with an average _____ tons per person throughout the rest of the world.

The cue for pied flycatchers to begin their migration from Africa to northern Europe is not temperature but _____.

The _____ was the last species of bird described in the US.

Reintroduction is not a viable option for the majority of species threatened with extinction.

In the 1960s, the dominant item in zoo news was _________.

Capybaras attain their greatest density (number per area) in the ________.

Penguins, koalas, giant pandas, apes, monkeys and meercats all score high on the attractiveness scale because they often sit upright or walk on two limbs.

Every year over 100 million people visit North American zoos.

The sound-huntig technique of the serval is so well developed that these cats can't hunt in windy weather.

With proper controls, harvesting of capybara can be a valuable conservation tool because it encourages ranchers to preserve the wetland habitats

Impoverished herders in many countries are subsidizing snow leopard conservation by inadvertently providing the cats with a ready source of food- their own livestock.

Humans find flattened faces much more appealing than long pointed snouts, probably because our own faces are flattened.

Most grazers can only be harvested at 10%, but the capybara's high reproductive rate allows them to be harvested at a rate of _____%.

Sloths, iguanas and possibly other folivores use _______ to raise their body temperature to normal.

Flying requires an enormous amount of energy so most birds that feed on leaves _________.

The Species Survival Plan (SSP) is a ________.

Snow leopards are often forced to kill domestic livestock because local people shoot and trap the animals that make up their natural prey.

Capybara females produce five times more offspring, in terms of weight, than do other larger grazers.

Leaf eaters typically produce just one small offspring which grows very slowly and is dependent on its mother for a long time.

The demands of living on low-energy food means that most folivores must conserve energy wherever possible, and this often translates to being very slow.

Hoatzins and kakapos are both folivorous _______.

Harp seals are an endangered species.

One of the most successful reintroduction programs involved the ________.

________ are the keystone species in many New World Species

Capybara are native to _______.

A ger is a _________.

Long legs, a long neck and large ears are adaptation of both the serval and the maned wolf for ________.

Capybara are more efficient at converting grass to protein than are sheep or rabbits

Scientists argue that many species thought to be keystone species to their ecosystem seem to be ________.

Which two species are HIGHLY dependent on the gopher tortoise burrow to survive?

capybara are giant semi aquatic ____ -

in the United States, one of the first attempts to reintroduce an animal to the wild involved the

some folivores use ____ as another way to save energy

koalas and sloths save energy by spending up to ___ hours a day motionless -

creating conservation priorities based on cuteness is not good policy, but attractive, appealing species can be useful for conservation purposes id they ____ -

a specialized stomach, slow locomotion, and sleeping a lot are a leaf-eaters adaption to ____ -

A large head, large eyes, a rounded body and short stubby limbs trigger a human urge to _______.

According to evolutionary biologist Stephen J. Gould, "We are fooled by an evolved response to our own babies, and we transfer our reaction to the same set of features in other animals."

William Conway estimated that the zoo ark would have room for _______ of the 20,000 plus mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians that would need our attention.

Low survival rates of young, birth defects, and increased susceptibility to diseases in zoo animals are attributed to ________.

One of the least successful reintroduction programs involved the _______.

According to William Conway, "zoo propagation can probably aid in the survival of _______% or more of all the terrestrial vertebrates likely to become extinct in the next century."

Dr. Ben Beck reported that of 146 attempted reintroductions, only ___% have been judged to be successful.

For any animal reintroduction program, the FIRST factor to consider is whether ________.

Most serious leaf-eaters have leaf-digesting bacteria in their gut.

Golden lion tamarins are a species of _______.

The tortoise burrow provides a refuge for various species of amphibians, reptiles and mammals.

In Africa, South America and Asia, heavy, hook like claws, a long sticky tongue and rudimentary teeth are standard characteristics of species that exploit the ______ niche.

Animals that have already produced enough young or those that are hybrids between subspecies cannot be used for Species Survival Plan (SSP) breeding are considered ________.

The duplication of body shapes and behaviors in unrelated animals is called _____.

After laying her clutch of eggs the females gopher tortoise will need ______ to build enough nutritional reserves to produce another clutch.

Orangutans are native to ________.

In the United States, one of the first attempts to reintroduce an animal to the wild involved the _______.

Animals on three continents (hedgehogs, porcupines, and tenrecs) have independently evolved spines as a strategy to avoid being eaten.

A specialized stomach, slow locomotion, and sleeping a lot are a leaf-eaters adaptions to _____.

Captive-bred animals may not be the best candidates for reintroduction because they often lack the skills needed to survive in the wild.

Fish in Africa and South America have independently evolved parallel solutions to living in silt laden rivers. They use _______ to communicate and hunt.

Experts recommended stopping the reintroduction of Orangutans rescued from the illegal pet trade because ______.

What do the black-footed ferret, red wolf, Spix macaw and Pere David's deer have in common?

60% of all potential snow leopard habitat is in _______.

Critics of the capybara harvest charge that _________.

Koalas and sloths save energy by spending up to _______ hours a day motionless.

Other characteristics besides cuteness can make a species more attractive, ______, for instances, makes an animal more endearing.

An adult snow leopard is roughly the size of a __________.

________ are one of the most evocative features of a "cute" animal.

Along with physical defenses life spines, hairs and lignin, leaves also produce _________ to discourage leaf-eaters.

Bananas, cashews, mangoes and durian all rely on ___________ for pollination.

In Mongolia, low-cost incentives used to persuade villagers to protect wildlife and improve their animal husbandry involved providing people with ______.

Animal displays emphasizing _______ will continue to be the centerpiece of zoo programs.

john terborgh found that out of nearly 1,500 species of plants only about____ were crucial to sustain most animals in a rein forest -

in developing countries, the survival of animals such as rhinos and elephants is directly related t the amount of money spent on____ -

the most common reason why so many creatures cannot be reintroduced is

those plant or animal species that play critical roles in a community are called ___ species -

according to ben beck, a reintroduction program is considered successful when it ____ -

the extirpation of the mountain lion, jaguarundi and ocelot on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, is believed to be linked to the extinction of ____

sea otters eat many____, which are harmful grazers in kelp forests -

koals, kakapos, indri lemurs and sloths are ___, or leaf eaters. -

in the winter of 1993-1994 the value of a snow leopard skin was ___ times hiher than the minimum yearly wage in kyrgystan -

a major focus of the International Snow Leapard trust has been to ____