Chapter 34 - Animals

2 September 2022
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1) Vertebrates and tunicates share A) jaws adapted for feeding. B) a high degree of cephalization. C) the formation of structures from the neural crest. D) an endoskeleton that includes a skull. E) a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord.
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E) a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord.
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2) What is one characteristic that separates chordates from all other animals? A) true coelom B) dorsal, hollow nerve cord C) blastopore, which becomes the anus D) bilateral symmetry E) segmentation
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B) dorsal, hollow nerve cord
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3) Which of these are characteristics of all chordates during at least a portion of their development? A) a dorsal, hollow nerve cord B) pharyngeal clefts C) post-anal tail D) A and B only E) A, B, and C
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E) A, B, and C A) a dorsal, hollow nerve cord B) pharyngeal clefts C) post-anal tail
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4) Pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as A) the digestive system's opening. B) suspension-feeding devices. C) components of the jaw. D) gill slits for respiration. E) portions of the inner ear.
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B) suspension-feeding devices.
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5) Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials A) lack nipples. B) have some embryonic development outside the mother's uterus. C) lay eggs. D) are found in Australia and Africa. E) include only insectivores and herbivores.
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B) have some embryonic development outside the mother's uterus.
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6) Which extant chordate group is postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance? A) Cephalochordata B) adult Urochordata C) Amphibia D) Reptilia E) Chondrichthyes
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A) Cephalochordata
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7) As humans diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first? A) the development of technology B) language C) a partial erect stance D) tool-making E) an enlarged brain
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C) a partial erect stance
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8) Studies on DNA indicate which of the following? A) Homo erectus had an Asian origin. B) Homo sapiens originated in Africa. C) Neanderthals are the ancestors of modern humans in Europe. D) Australopiths migrated out of Africa. E) North America had the first population of modern humans.
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B) Homo sapiens originated in Africa.
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9) Based on current evidence, which of the following statements best describes the evolution of humans? A) Humans evolved from the chimpanzee. B) Humans evolved in a single, orderly series of stages in which each stage became more advanced than the predecessor. C) The various characteristics that we associate with humans evolved in unison over long periods of time. D) Humans and apes diverged from a common ancestor about 5-10 million years ago. E) Humans are more closely related to gorillas than to chimpanzees.
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D) Humans and apes diverged from a common ancestor about 5-10 million years
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10) The common ancestors of all humans alive today lived in Africa until about A) 5 million years ago. B) 500,000 years ago. C) 50,000 years ago. D) 5,000 years ago. E) There is no evidence available that could answer this question.
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C) 50,000 years ago.
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11) The common ancestor of all these chordate groups except the ________ probably had paired appendages. A) mammals B) amphibians C) lampreys D) ray-finned fishes E) reptiles
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C) lampreys
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12) The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which function? A) reproduction B) feeding C) locomotion D) defense E) respiration
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B) feeding
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13) The exoskeletons of marine arthropods are made of calcified ________, and the endoskeletons of vertebrates are mostly composed of calcified ________. A) cartilage; cartilage B) silica; bo ne C) chitin; silica D) dentin; enamel E) chitin; cartilage
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E) chitin; cartilage
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14) How are primates different from all other mammals? A) placental embryonic development B) hairy bodies C) arboreal lifestyles D) ability to produce milk E) opposable thumbs in many species
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E) opposable thumbs in many species
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15) In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal? A) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and mammals B) amphibians, mammals, and reptiles C) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and reptiles D) reptiles and mammals E) reptiles and amphibians
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D) reptiles and mammals
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16) Which of these hominid traits seems to have occurred before the others? A) tool use B) increased brain size C) symbolic thought D) language E) bipedalism
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E) bipedalism
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17) In which extant class did jaws occur earliest? A) Cephalaspidomorphi B) Chondrichthyes C) Actinopterygii D) Dipnoi E) Placodermi
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B) Chondrichthyes
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18) According to one hypothesis, the jaws of vertebrates were derived by the modification of A) scales of the lower lip. B) skeletal rods that had supported pharyngeal (gill) slits. C) one or more gill slits. D) one or more of the bones of the cranium. E) one or more of the vertebrae.
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B) skeletal rods that had supported pharyngeal (gill) slits
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19) What is a distinctive feature of the chondrichthyans? A) an amniotic egg B) unpaired fins C) an acute sense of vision that includes the ability to distinguish colors D) a cartilaginous endoskeleton E) lack of jaws
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D) a cartilaginous endoskeleton
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20) To which of these are the scales of chondrichthyans most closely related in a structural sense? A) osteichthyan scales B) reptilian scales C) mammalian scales D) bird scales E) chondrichthyan teeth
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E) chondrichthyan teeth
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21) Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity between sharks and fishes? A) The skin is typically covered by flattened bony scales. B) They are equally able to exchange gases with the environment while stationary. C) They are highly maneuverable due to their flexibility. D) They have a lateral line that is sensitive to changes in water pressure. E) A swim bladder helps control buoyancy.
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D) They have a lateral line that is sensitive to changes in water pressure.
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22) Which group's members had (have) both lungs and gills during their adult lives? A) sharks, skates, and rays B) lungfishes C) cephalochordates D) paramphibians E) ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs
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B) lungfishes
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23) The most primitive hominid discovered to date A) may have hunted dinosaurs. B) lived 1.2 million years ago. C) closely resembled a chimpanzee. D) walked on two legs. E) had a relatively large brain.
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D) walked on two legs.
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24) Which are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates? A) bony fishes B) avian reptiles C) amphibians D) non-avian reptiles E) mammals
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A) bony fishes
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25) The bony fishes are characterized by A) a bony endoskeleton, operculum, and usually a swim bladder. B) a cartilaginous endoskeleton. C) an amniotic egg. D) teeth that are replaced regularly. E) a lateral line system and ears with three semicircular canals.
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25) The bony fishes are characterized by A) a bony endoskeleton, operculum, and
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26) Which of these would a paleontologist be most likely to do in order to determine whether a fossil represents a reptile or a mammal? A) Look for the presence of milk-producing glands. B) Look for the mammalian characteristics of a four-chambered heart and a diaphragm. C) Because mammals are eutherians, look for evidence of a placenta. D) Use molecular analysis to look for the protein keratin. E) Examine the teeth.
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E) Examine the teeth.
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27) All of the following belong to the lobe -fin clade, except A) chondrichthyans. B) Australian lungfishes. C) African lungfishes. D) coelacanths. E) tetrapods.
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A) chondrichthyans.
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28) Structures that are made of keratin include which of the following? A) avian feathers B) reptilian scales C) mammalian hair D) A and C only E) A, B, and C
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E) A, B, and C A) avian feathers B) reptilian scales C) mammalian hair
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29) Differentiation of teeth is greatest in A) sharks. B) bony fishes. C) amphibians. D) reptiles. E) mammals.
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E) mammals.
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30) A trend in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was A) the appearance of jaws. B) the appearance of bony vertebrae. C) feet with digits. D) the mineralization of the endoskeleton. E) the ability to move in a fish-like manner.
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C) feet with digits.
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31) Examination of the fossils of Archaeopteryx reveals that, in common with extant birds, it had A) a long tail containing vertebrae. B) feathers. C) teeth. D) both A and B E) A, B, and C
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B) feathers.
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32) Why is the discovery of the fossil Archaeopteryx significant? It supports the A) phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles. B) contention that birds are much older than we originally thought. C) claim that mammals and dinosaurs coexisted. D) idea that the first birds were ratites. E) hypothesis that some extinct reptiles were endothermic.
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A) phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles
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33) During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose? 1. amniotic egg 2. paired fins 3. jaws 4. swim bladder 5. four-chambered heart A) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 B) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5 C) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5 D) 2, 1, 4, 3, 5 E) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5
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A) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 2. paired fins 3. jaws 4. swim bladder 1. amniotic egg 5. four-chambered heart
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34) ________ are the oldest known primate group. A) Apes B) Prosimians C) Anthropoids D) Hominids E) Monkeys
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B) Prosimians
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35) Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough? It A) has a shell that increases gas exchange. B) allows incubation of eggs in a terrestrial environment. C) prolongs embryonic development. D) provides insulation to conserve heat. E) permits internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization.
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B) allows incubation of eggs in a terrestrial environment.
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36) Which era is known as the "age of reptiles"? A) Cenozoic B) Mesozoic C) Paleozoic D) Precambrian E) Cambrian
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B) Mesozoic
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37) Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments? A) the amniotic egg B) the ability to maintain a constant body temperature C) two pairs of appendages D) claws E) a four-chambered heart
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A) the amniotic egg
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38) From which of the following groups are snakes most likely descended? A) dinosaurs B) plesiosaurs C) lizards D) crocodiles E) synapsids
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C) lizards
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39) When did dinosaurs and pterosaurs become extinct? A) Cretaceous "crisis" B) Permian extinctions C) Devonian "disaster" D) Phanerozoiceon E) Hadeaneon
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A) Cretaceous "crisis"
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40) Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs? A) lizards B) crocodiles C) snakes D) birds E) mammals
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D) birds
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41) the first of these species to have been adapted for long-distance bipedalism Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Options may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) H. heidelbergensis B) H. erectus C) H. ergaster D) H. habilis E) H. sapiens
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C) H. ergaster
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42) the first of these species to craft stone tools Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Options may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) H. heidelbergensis B) H. erectus C) H. ergaster D) H. habilis E) H. sapiens
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D) H. habilis
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43) the first of these species to show a trend toward reduced sexual dimorphism Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Options may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) H. heidelbergensis B) H. erectus C) H. ergaster D) H. habilis E) H. sapiens
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C) H. ergaster
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44) the first of these species to have some members migrate out of Africa Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Options may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) H. heidelbergensis B) H. erectus C) H. ergaster D) H. habilis E) H. sapiens
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B) H. erectus
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45) the species currently thought to be the direct ancestor of H. neanderthalensis Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Options may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) H. heidelbergensis B) H. erectus C) H. ergaster D) H. habilis E) H. sapiens
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A) H. heidelbergensis
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46) the species that demonstrates symbolic thought, art, and full -blown language Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Options may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) H. heidelbergensis B) H. erectus C) H. ergaster D) H. habilis E) H. sapiens
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E) H. sapiens
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47) Which is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of whose members have foramina magna centrally positioned in the base of the cranium? Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) hominoids B)Homo C) anthropoids D) hominids E) primates
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D) hominids
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48) Which term is most nearly synonymous with "apes"? Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) hominoids B) Homo C) anthropoids D) hominids E) primates
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A) hominoids
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49) Which is a genus that has only one extant species? Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) hominoids B) Homo C) anthropoids D) hominids E) primates
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B) Homo
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50) Which is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of whose members have fingernails instead of claws? Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) hominoids B)Homo C) anthropoids D) hominids E) primates
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E) primates
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51) Which is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of whose members have fully opposable thumbs? Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) hominoids B) Homo C) anthropoids D) hominids E) primates
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C) anthropoids
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52) Which is the most specific group in which prosimians can be included? Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) hominoids B)Homo C) anthropoids D) hominids E) primates
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E) primates
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53) Which is the most specific group that includes both the Old World monkeys and the New World monkeys? Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A) hominoids B)Homo C) anthropoids D) hominids E) primates
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C) anthropoids
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54) their scales closely resemble teeth in both structure and origin For the following items, match the vertebrate groups below w ith the descriptions that follow. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. amphibians B. non-avian reptiles C. chondrichthyans D. mammals E. avian reptiles
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C. chondrichthyans
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55) internal fertilization, amniotic egg, skin that resists drying, heavy bones For the following items, match the vertebrate groups below w ith the descriptions that follow. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. amphibians B. non-avian reptiles C. chondrichthyans D. mammals E. avian reptiles
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B. non-avian reptiles
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56) three major groups: egg-laying, pouched, and placental For the following items, match the vertebrate groups below w ith the descriptions that follow. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. amphibians B. non-avian reptiles C. chondrichthyans D. mammals E. avian reptiles
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D. mammals
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57) may have lungs, or gills, and may use skin as a respiratory surface For the following items, match the vertebrate groups below w ith the descriptions that follow. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. amphibians B. non-avian reptiles C. chondrichthyans D. mammals E. avian reptiles
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A. amphibians
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58) honeycombed bones, females with one ovary, no teeth For the following items, match the vertebrate groups below w ith the descriptions that follow. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. amphibians B. non-avian reptiles C. chondrichthyans D. mammals E. avian reptiles
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E. avian reptiles