Biology ch.6 Test Bank

1) The smallest cell structure that would most likely be visible with a standard (not super-resolution) research-grade light microscope is a _____.

2) The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that _____.

3) In the fractionation of homogenized cells using centrifugation, the primary factor that determines whether a specific cellular component ends up in the supernatant or the pellet is the _____.

4) What is the reason that a modern transmission electron microscope (TEM) can resolve biological images to the subnanometer level, as opposed to tens of nanometers achievable for the best super-resolution light microscope?

5) What technique would be most appropriate to use to observe the movements of condensed chromosomes during cell division?

6) A newspaper ad for a local toy store indicates that an inexpensive toy microscope available for a small child is able to magnify specimens nearly as much as the more costly microscope available in your college lab. What is the primary reason for the price difference?

7) All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell EXCEPT _____.

8) Cell size is limited by _____.

9) Which of the following is a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

10) You have a cube of modeling clay in your hands. Which of the following changes to the shape of this cube of clay will decrease its surface area relative to its volume?

11) Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?

12) Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?

13) Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?

14) In a bacterium, we will find DNA in _____.

15) Which organelle or structure is absent in plant cells?

16) What is the function of the nuclear pore complex found in eukaryotes?

17) Which of the following macromolecules leaves the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell through pores in the nuclear membrane?

18) Which of the following statements correctly describes some aspect of protein secretion from prokaryotic cells?

19) Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?

20) The nuclear lamina is an array of filaments on the inner side of the nuclear membrane. If a method were found that could cause the lamina to fall into disarray, what would you most likely expect to be the immediate consequence?

21) A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely _____.

22) Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?

23) A cell with an extensive area of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is specialized to _____.

24) Which structure is NOT part of the endomembrane system?

25) The Golgi apparatus has a polarity, or sidedness, to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity?

26) The difference in lipid and protein composition between the membranes of the endomembrane system is largely determined by the _____.

27) Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?

28) Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition?

29) The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and, therefore, abundant in liver cells?

30) Which of the following produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted?

31) What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?

32) Asbestos is a material that was once used extensively in construction. One risk from working in a building that contains asbestos is the development of asbestosis caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers. Cells will phagocytize asbestos, but are not able to degrade it. As a result, asbestos fibers accumulate in _____.

33) Which of the following is NOT true? Both chloroplasts and mitochondria _____.

34) Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?

35) Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in _____.

36) In a plant cell, DNA may be found _____.

37) In a liver cell detoxifying alcohol and some other poisons, the enzymes of the peroxisome remove hydrogen from these molecules and _____.

38) The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved _____.

39) Where are proteins produced other than on ribosomes free in the cytosol or ribosomes attached to the ER?

40) Suppose a cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from _____.

41) Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the _____.

42) Suppose a young boy is always tired and fatigued, suffering from a metabolic disease. Which of the following organelles is most likely involved in this disease?

43) Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures?

44) Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules, consisting of nine doublets of microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules?

45) Vinblastine, a drug that inhibits microtubule polymerization, is used to treat some forms of cancer. Cancer cells given vinblastine would be unable to _____.

46) Amoebae move by crawling over a surface (cell crawling), which involves _____.

47) Researchers tried to explain how vesicular transport occurs in cells by attempting to assemble the transport components. They set up microtubular tracks along which vesicles could be transported, and they added vesicles and ATP (because they knew the transport process requires energy). Yet, when they put everything together, there was no movement or transport of vesicles. What were they missing?

48) Cilia and flagella bend because of _____.

49) Spherocytosis is a human blood disorder associated with a defective cytoskeletal protein in the red blood cells (RBCs). What do you suspect is the consequence of such a defect?

50) Cytochalasin D is a drug that prevents actin polymerization. A cell treated with cytochalasin D will still be able to _____.

51) Cells require which of the following to form cilia or flagella?

52) Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is true?

53) The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following is a characteristic common to all of these extracellular structures?

54) A mutation that disrupts the ability of an animal cell to add polysaccharide modifications to proteins would most likely cause defects in its _____.

55) The extracellular matrix is thought to participate in the regulation of animal cell behavior by communicating information from the outside to the inside of the cell via which of the following?

56) Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following structures in animal cells?

57) Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through _____.

58) In plant cells, the middle lamella _____.

59) Where would you expect to find tight junctions?

60) H. V. Wilson worked with sponges to gain some insight into exactly what was responsible for holding adjacent cells together. He exposed two species of differently pigmented sponges to a chemical that disrupted the cell-cell interaction (cell junctions), and the cells of the sponges dissociated. Wilson then mixed the cells of the two species and removed the chemical that caused the cells to dissociate. Wilson found that the sponges reassembled into two separate species. The cells from one species did not interact or form associations with the cells of the other species. How do you explain the results of Wilson's experiments?

61) Gaucher disease is the most common of lipid storage diseases in humans. It is caused by a deficiency of an enzyme necessary for lipid metabolism. This leads to a collection of fatty material in organs of the body including the spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, brain, and bone marrow. Using your knowledge of the structure of eukaryotic cells, identify the statement below that best explains how internal membranes and the organelles of cells would be involved in Gaucher disease.

Using data from the table above, select the best explanation for why that cell will be able to eliminate waste most efficiently?

53) The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following is a characteristic common to all of these extracellular structures?